RefWork:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States/Final thoughts and resources
This last section of the guide provides closing thoughts to tie together what was previously discussed. It also provides a directory of cannabis testing, standards, etc. resources for readers wanting to learn more.
This guide has attempted to provide insight into various aspects of the current status of laboratory testing of cannabis in the U.S. By extension, it has required a closer look at many non-testing or tangentially related aspects of cannabis, including history, regulations, standards, methods, equipment, and software. The guide has also attempted to look at the potential future of testing, a more difficult feat that has required inspection of—and speculation on—a mix of statistics and politics, as well as government and social policy and how they may all affect the future of cannabis testing. We learned that many point fingers at the U.S. federal government for being responsible for several cannabis-related issues, including lack of clear government support for cannabis research, lack of standardization of testing and analysis methods for said research, and wavering policy that remains inconsistent at best. At root is the fact that the federal government maintains cannabis (and its constituents) as a Schedule I drug, by extension declaring that it has no respectable medical use. This and related decisions have slowed down the academic study of cannabis (at least in the U.S.), including its analysis, quality testing, and research and use as a medical treatment. The development, implementation, and reassessment of cultivation and testing standards and methods have largely been piecemeal; additionally, those efforts have been enacted in an environment where, despite the legal status in a state, fear that the federal government will inevitably intervene slows progress even further.
Despite these barriers, the speed at which U.S. states have adopted some form of legalization of cannabis has pushed scientists and researchers to collaborate and improve standards and methods. Necessity continues to be the mother of invention, driving those in the industry to adapt or perish in a difficult, inconsistent market. State officials are teaming up at industry conferences and sharing ideas. Non-profit organizations are joining forces with major standards agencies to expand and improve good laboratory practices. Researchers—whether on their own or with the help of others internationally—are learning more about the various cannabinoids and their interaction with terpenes, driving new insight into potential therapeutic remedies. Overall public perception about marijuana consumption and use is gradually shifting towards a positive light, even when so little is still understood about the long-term ramifications of its use. Commercial interests are taking notice, and so are international treaty makers. All of this adds up to forward momentum in the cannabis industry, with warts and all.
Many factors will affect the future of cannabis regulation, testing, and research; in the process, we're certain to see both ups and downs as political and social climates continue to change. However, as marijuana consumption and hemp-based manufacturing methods continue to see expanded support, consumers and manufacturers, as well as all those involved in between, will always clamor for a safer product that is "as advertised." Laboratory analysis will play an important role in that effort, whether it's in the medical research lab, the quality control lab, or the manufacturer's lab. It will be imperative for all interested parties to further work together to ensure methods are sound and standardized in a realistic and beneficial way to ensure that in the end consumers will get the best possible product available.
6.2.1 Key reading
- Andre, C.M.; Hausman, J.-F.; Guerriero, G. (2016). "Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules". Frontiers in Plant Medicine 7: 19. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00019. PMC PMC4740396. PMID 26870049. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396.
- Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). "Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs" (PDF). pp. 35. https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf.
- Audino, S. (7 February 2018). "Managing Cannabis Testing Lab Workflows Using LIMS". Cannabis Industry Journal. https://cannabisindustryjournal.com/feature_article/managing-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims/.
- Cassiday, L. (October 2016). "The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing". INFORM. American Oil Chemists' Society. https://www.aocs.org/stay-informed/inform-magazine/featured-articles/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016.
- Goldman, S.; Bramante, J.; Vrdoljak, G. et al. "The analytical landscape of cannabis compliance testing". Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 44 (9–10): 403–20. doi:10.1080/10826076.2021.1996390.
- Hudak, J.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). "Worry about bad marijuana — not Big Marijuana" (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 18. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/big-marijuana-1.pdf.
- Paszko, C. (27 November 2018). "Selecting a LIMS for the Cannabis Industry". LabCompare. https://www.labcompare.com/10-Featured-Articles/354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry/.
- Piomelli, D.; Weiss, S.; Boyd, G. et al. (2018). "Cannabis and the Opioid Crisis". Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 3 (1): 108-16. doi:10.1089/can.2018.29011.rtl. PMC PMC5931647. PMID 29789812. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5931647.
- Stewart, I.A.; Petrilli, R.; Hearding, A. (9 August 2021). "Reducing Cannabis Testing and Label Failures". Wilson Elser Moskowitz Edelman & Dicker LLP. https://www.wilsonelser.com/news_and_insights/insights/4278-reducing_cannabis_testing_and_label_failures.
- Wallach, P.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). "Bootleggers, Baptists, bureaucrats, and bongs: How special interests will shape marijuana legalization" (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 22. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/bootleggers.pdf.
6.2.2 Reference material
- Amin, M.R.; Ali, D.W. (2019). "Pharmacology of medical cannabis". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1162: 151–65. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21737-2_8. PMID 31332738.
- Chambers, R. (8 August 2013). "Leafly Glossary of Cannabis Terms". Leafly - Cannabis 101. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/glossary-of-cannabis-terms.
- Douglas, S.E. (January 2021). "LIMSpec for Cannabis Testing". CannaQA Wiki. https://www.cannaqa.wiki/index.php?title=Book:LIMSpec_for_Cannabis_Testing.
- ElSohly, M.A.; Radwan, M.M.; Gul, W. et al. (2017). "Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L.". Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 103: 1–36. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_1. PMID 28120229.
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (12 January 2017). "The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research". The National Academies Press. pp. 440. doi:10.17226/24625. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24625/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state.
- National Cancer Institute (6 November 2020). "Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ)–Health Professional Version". https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/cannabis-pdq.
- National Conference of State Legislatures (2018). "Marijuana Deep Dive". https://www.ncsl.org/bookstore/state-legislatures-magazine/marijuana-deep-dive.aspx.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (July 2020). "Cannabis (Marijuana) Research Report". https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/letter-director.
- Office of National Drug Control Policy. "Marijuana Resource Center". Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. http://web.archive.org/web/20170117133745/https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/marijuanainfo.
- Thomas, B.F.; ElSohly, M.A. (2016). Thomas, B.F. ed. The Analytical Chemistry of Cannabis. Elsevier. pp. 132. ISBN 9780128046708. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hs5PCgAAQBAJ.
- World Health Organization (2016). Hall, W.; Renström, M.; Poznyak, V. ed. The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. World Health Organization. pp. 95. ISBN 978921510240. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241510240.
Law and regulation
- "Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC: Laws, Fees, and Possession Limits". ProCon.org. 3 December 2020. https://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc/.
- "Recreational Marijuana Laws in the United States". Leafly's Guide to Marijuana Legalization. Leafly Holdings, Inc. November 2020. https://www.leafly.com/learn/legalization/recreational-states.
- "Marijuana Business: Licenses, Permits, and Planning". FindLaw. Thomson Reuters. 18 October 2019. https://public.findlaw.com/cannabis-law/starting-a-cannabis-business/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html.
- Horn, J.; Bogot, W. (8 January 2021). "National Survey on Marijuana Laws and Regulations". Fox Rothschild LLP. https://www.foxrothschild.com/publications/national-survey-on-marijuana-laws-and-regulations/.
- National Conference of State Legislatures (11 January 2021). "State Medical Marijuana Laws". https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx.
- Rough, Lisa; Leafly Staff (24 February 2020). "Cannabis Testing Regulations: A State-by-state Guide". Leafly - Industry. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https://www.leafly.com/news/industry/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations.
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration (22 January 2021). "FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD)". https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd.
Standards and guidance
- American Council of Independent Laboratories (2022). "Cannabis Working Group - ACIL". https://www.acil.org/page/Cannabis_Working_Group.
- Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (2022). "Cannabis Analytical Science Program, Standard Method Performance Requirements". https://www.aoac.org/resources/?topic=Cannabis&type=SMPRs&key=.
- ASTM International (2022). "Committee D37 on Cannabis". https://www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/D37.htm.
- Cannabis Control Commission (1 December 2017). "Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries" (Word). Commonwealth of Massachusetts. pp. 21. https://www.mass.gov/doc/protocol-for-sampling-and-analysis-of-finished-medical-marijuana-products-and-marijuana-1/download.
- Cannabis Committee, AHPA (2 February 2016). "Recommendations for Regulators – Cannabis Operations" (PDF). American Herbal Products Association. https://www.ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf.
- Gray, P.J.; Mindak, W.R.; Cheng, J. (February 2020). "Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, and Other Elements in Food Using Microwave Assisted Digestion" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/media/87509/download.
- Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al., ed. (2014). Cannabis Inflorescence: Cannabis spp.. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. ISBN 1929425333. https://herbal-ahp.org/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph/.
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration (19 September 2018). "Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM)". https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/pesticide-analytical-manual-pam.
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration (20 February 2016). "Residue Analytical Methods (RAM)". https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/methods/rammethods/web/html/ram12b.html.
Testing
- American Council of Independent Laboratories (2019). "Cannabis Testing Recommendations". https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.acil.org/resource/resmgr/cannabis/acil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf.
- Association of Public Health Laboratories (2022). "Cannabis Testing". https://www.aphl.org/programs/environmental_health/Pages/Cannabis-Testing.aspx.
- Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). "Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs" (PDF). pp. 35. https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf.
- ASTM Subcommittee D37.03 (1 December 2020). "ASTM D8334/D8334M-20 Standard Practice for Sampling of Cannabis/Hemp Post-Harvest Batches for Laboratory Analyses". ASTM International. https://www.astm.org/d8334_d8334m-20.html.
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (2022). "Marijuana reference library". https://cdphe.colorado.gov/laboratory-services/inspection-of-marijuana-testing-facilities/marijuana-reference-library.
- Daley, P.; Lampach, D.; Sguerra, S. (12 September 2013). "Testing Cannabis for Contaminants" (PDF). BOTEC Analysis Corp. https://lcb.wa.gov/publications/Marijuana/BOTEC%20reports/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf.
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (25 February 2022). "NIST Cannabis Quality Assurance Program (CannaQAP)". National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/nist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance.
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (September 2009). "Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of cannabis and cannabis products" (PDF). https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/ST-NAR-40-Ebook_1.pdf.
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (June 2013). "Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in seized materials" (PDF). https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/STNAR48_Synthetic_Cannabinoids_ENG.pdf.
New York State Department of Health:
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (27 May 2021). "Measurement of Mycotoxins in Medical Marijuana by LC-MS/MS, NYS DOH MML-303, Revision 6.1" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 40. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20MML-303-06.1%20final_0.pdf.
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (27 May 2021). "Measurement of Phytocannabinoids in Medical Marijuana using HPLC-PDA, NYS DOH MML-300, Revision 7.1" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 36. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20MML-300-07.1_0.pdf.
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (3 November 2021). "Medical Marijuana Sample Preparation Protocols for Potency Analysis, NYS DOH MML-301, Revision 8" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 19. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20MML-301-08%20final%2011032021_0.pdf.
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (10 January 2022). "Metals and Metalloids in Medical Marijuana Products by ICP-MS, NYS DOH LINC-250, Revision 3" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 26. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20LINC-250-03.pdf.
- For all other methods documents, see https://www.wadsworth.org/regulatory/elap/medical-marijuana.
Accreditation and certification
- American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) (2022). "Accreditations > Cannabis Testing". https://a2la.org/accreditation/cannabis-testing/.
- Americans for Safe Access Foundation (2022). "Patient Focused Certification". https://patientfocusedcertification.org/.
- ANSI National Accreditation Board (2020). "ANAB Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation Program". https://anab.ansi.org/laboratory-accreditation/cannabis-testing.
- Certified Kind, LLC (2021). "Certified Kind: Certification for Responsibly Grown Cannabis". https://www.certified-kind.com/.
- Clean Green Certified (2020). "Clean Green Certified". https://cleangreencertified.com/.
- Emerald Scientific, LLC (2022). "The Emerald Test". https://pt.emeraldscientific.com/.
- International Accreditation Service. "Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation". https://www.iasonline.org/services/cannabis-testing-laboratory/.
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center. "Environmental Laboratory Approval Program". https://www.wadsworth.org/regulatory/elap.
- Oregon State Public Health Laboratory. "Oregon's Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program". https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/LaboratoryServices/EnvironmentalLaboratoryAccreditation/Pages/index.aspx.
- Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc (2022). "Accreditation Programs: Cannabis Testing Lab Accreditation". https://www.pjlabs.com/accreditation-programs/cannabis-testing.
- Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Cannabis Business Executive
- Cannabis Industry Journal
- Cannabis Science and Technology
- Cannabis Science Blog
- The Cannabist
- Journal of Cannabis Research
- Marijuana Business Daily
- Marijuana Moment
- Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids
- MedicalJane
- Nature Outlook: Cannabis
- O’Shaughnessy’s
- Terpenes and Testing Magazine
- Tracking Cannabis - Thomas Coburn LLP
- 420 College
- Academy of Cannabis Science
- Alaska Cannabis Institute
- Cannabis Career Institute
- Cannabis Industry Institute
- Cannabis Training Institute
- Cannabis Training University
- Clark University (Certificate in Regulatory Affairs for Cannabis Control)
- Cleveland School of Cannabis
- Clover Leaf University
- Medical Cannabis Caregivers
- Medical Cannabis Institute
- Oaksterdam University
- Oregon Cannabis Institute
- Southern Cannabis Institute
- Trichome Institute
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy (Master of Science in Medical Cannabis Science and Therapeutics)
Below are the major scientific conferences and trade shows for cannabis.
- "The Analytical Cannabis Expo". Technology Networks. https://www.acexpo.co.
- "Cannabis and Medicinal Research Conference". Conference Series, LLC. https://cannabis-marijuana.neurologyconference.com/.
- "Cannabis Business Summit and Expo". National Cannabis Industry Association. https://cannabisbusinesssummit.com/.
- "Cannabis Conference". GIE Media, Inc. https://www.cannabisconference.com/.
- "Cannabis Quality Conference & Expo". Cannabis Industry Journal. https://cqcexpo.com.
- "CannaTech". iCAN Israel Cannabis. https://www.canna-tech.co/.
- "CannX". Paragon Israel. https://cannx.org/.
- "Emerald Conference". Emerald Scientific, LLC. https://theemeraldconference.com/.
- "Institute of Cannabis Research Conference". Colorado State University - Pueblo. https://www.csupueblo.edu/institute-of-cannabis-research/.
- "International Cannabis Business Conference". International Conferences Group, LLC. https://internationalcbc.com/.
- "Marijuana Business Conference & Expo". Anne Holland Ventures, Inc. https://mjbizconference.com/.
- "National Clinical Conference on Cannabis Therapeutics". Patients Out of Time. https://patientsoutoftime.com/.
Associations, organizations, and interest groups
Global and national
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Regional
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Consultancy and support services
The following entities are known to provide consulting and support services of various types to cannabis testing labs (as well as cultivators, dispensaries, etc.):
- 3C Consulting
- Allay Cannabis Consulting
- American Cannabis Company
- Aurum Labs
- Be Green Legal
- BelCosta Labs
- Canadian Cannabis Dispute Resolution Centre
- Canna Advisors
- Canna Consulting Group
- Cannabis Consulting Group
- Cannabis Legal Group
- Elite Diagnostics
- FTI Consulting
- Green Rush Consulting
- Higher Yields Cannabis Consulting
- Highroad Consulting Group
- Hypur
- Medicine Man Technologies
- Michigan Cannabis Lawyers
- Mindful Cannabis Consulting
- MJ Freeway
- NorCal Cannabis Consultants
- PhytoSciences Consultants
- Quantum 9
- Rhine Laboratories
- RMMC Consulting
- Rocky Mountain Cannabis Consulting
- Ron Brooks Consulting
- SC Laboratories, Inc.
- Sigma Analytical Services
- SIVA
- Steep Hill
- Straight Line Analytics
- The Werc Shop
Licensed cultivators
This information is based largely on state-supplied resources and is up-to-date as of February 28, 2020.
Canada
Canada's cultivators are licensed by the federal government. The country has 43 cultivation licenses, which can be viewed on their licensed cultivators, processors, and sellers page. A variety of fees are applied to applicants, including application fees, security clearance fees, import/export fees, and annual regulatory fees. Consult the country's Cannabis Fees Order Guide for details.
United States
Alaska:
The state boasts 95 Limited and 117 Standard Marijuana Cultivation Facilities. The state differentiates a "limited" facility as one with 500 square feet or less of grow operation space, whereas "standard" facilities have no such limitation.[1] To review the entire list of 200+ cultivation facilities, go to https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/amco/ and look for the link "Licenses and Applications by Status."
Licensing fees for limited are $1,000, and $5,000 for standard.[2]
Arizona:
The government ties cultivation to dispensaries. However, Arizona state law prohibits making public a list of dispensaries, so the state's cultivators/dispensaries are not publicly known.[3]
Arkansas:
The five cultivation facilities for Arkansas are[4]:
- Bold Team, LLC (Cotton Plant)
- Delta Medical Cannabis Co. (Newport)
- Natural State Medicinals Cultivation, LLC (White Hall)
- Natural State Wellness Enterprises, LLC (Newport)
- Osage Creek Cultivation, LLC (Berryville)
As of January 19, 2020, four of the five were up and running, with Delta Medical awaiting final inspections.[5]
The five facilities were licensed after paying a $100,000 license fee and a $500,000 performance bond.[6]
California:
The state of California has approximately more than 2,100 unique cannabis adult-use and medicinal-use cultivators of provisional and annual status. As of January 1, 2019, the state no longer has the authority to issue temporary licenses, though normal adult-use and medicinal-use cultivation licenses can still be applied for.[7] To review the entire list of more than 850 unique cultivation businesses (note: some companies have more than one license), go to https://aca6.accela.com/CALCANNABIS/Cap/CapHome.aspx?module=Licenses, select the license type, then select "Active" from the License Status. (Active licenses won't be older than January 1, 2018.)
Application and license fees vary depending on facility type. Consult the FAQ's "How much do application/license fees cost?" for the latest regulatory text indicating these fees.
Colorado:
The state has more than 360 unique medical-use and more than 600 unique adult-use cultivators. To review the two lists in their entirety, go to https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/enforcement/med-licensed-facilities and select the PDF or Excel file labeled "Cultivations" under each column.
Cultivation application and license fees vary based upon operation size. The base fee for everyone is Tier 1 (1 – 1,800 plants) - $1,500.00.[8]
For cultivators who wish to expand their operations, the following is paid in addition to the Tier 1 fee[8]:
- Tier 2 (1,801 – 3,600 plants) - $1,000.00
- Tier 3 (3,601 – 6,000 plants) - $2,000.00
- Tier 4 (6,001 – 10,200 plants) - $4,000.00
- Tier 5 (10,201 – 13,800 plants) - $6,000.00
- Each additional tier of 3,600 plants over Tier 5 - $1,000.00
Connecticut:
According to Connecticut's license lookup for medical marijuana producers, the four entities are licensed to cultivate in the state:
The state is not currently accepting new applications. However, the application fees for licenses were $25,000 for the initial applications, a $75,000 registration fee, and a $75,000 renewal fee.[9]
Delaware:
The state's cultivation facilities are vertically integrated with its dispensaries, i.e., dispensaries are also cultivators. The three entities operating cultivation centers in Delaware are[10][11]:
- Columbia Care, LLC (three locations)
- Compassionate Care Research Institute, Inc.
- First State Compassion Center, Inc. (two locations)
These compassion centers pay a $40,000 license fee ever two years.[12]
The state is not currently accepting new applications.
District of Columbia:
The District of Columbia allows eight cultivators to operate[13]:
- Abatin Wellness Center Of The District Of Columbia, LLC
- Apelles Investment Management, LLC dba Columbia Care
- District Growers, LLC
- Holistic Remedies, LLC
- Montana Apothecary, LLC dba Alternative Solutions
- Organic Wellness, LLC
- Phyto Management, LLC
- VentureForth, LLC dba Center City Cultivation
The state is not currently accepting new applications.
Florida:
The state's cultivation is vertically integrated with it its other cannabis functions, and "medical marijuana treatment centers are the only businesses allowed to grow, process or sell medical marijuana in Florida."[14] However, vertical integration may be removed as a requirement in 2020, though that progress has stalled.[15] The state currently has 14 medical marijuana treatment centers[14]:
- 3 Boys Farm, LLC
- Acreage Florida, Inc. dba Green Owl Pharms[16]
- CCF HoldCo, LLC dba Columbia Care Florida
- Curaleaf Florida, LLC dba Curaleaf
- DFMMJ Investments, LLC dba Liberty Health Sciences
- Green Thumb Industries Investments, LLC dba RiSE Dispensaries
- GrowHealthy Farms Florida, LLC dba GrowHealthy
- Harvest Health & Recreation, Inc.
- Knox Management Services, LLC dba Knox Medical (Going through a name change)
- MM Enterprises, USA, LLC dba MedMen
- NuTrae, LLC dba AltMed Florida (MüV)
- Surterra Holdings, Inc. dba Surterra Wellness
- Trulieve, Inc.
- Vidacann, Ltd.
The state is not currently accepting new applications. Its application fee was reported to be $60,830.[17]
Hawaii:
The state of Hawaii allows for eight entities to grow and distribute medical marijuana, with each entity able to have two production centers and two dispensaries. Each production center is limited to a maximum of 5,000 cannabis plants. Those eight entities are[18]:
- Aloha Green Holdings, Inc. dba Aloha Green Apothecary
- Green Aloha, Ltd.
- Hawaiian Ethos, LLC
- Lau Ola, LLC dba Big Island Grown (B.I.G.) Dispensaries
- Mānoa Botanicals, LLC dba Noa Botanicals
- Maui Wellness Group, LLC dba Maui Grown Therapies
- Pono Life Sciences, LLC
- TCG Retro Market 1, LLC dba Cure Oahu
The state is not currently accepting new applications. It's application fee was $5,000, initial license fee $75,000, and license renewal fee $50,000.[19]
Illinois:
Illinois law allows up to 22 cultivation centers to be established in the state, with the intent being to create a center in each police district. The current cultivation centers are (some entities have centers in more than one district)[20][21]:
- Ataraxia, LLC
- Bedford Grow, LLC
- Compass Ventures, Inc.
- Cresco Labs, LLC
- Curative Health Cultivation, LLC dba Columbia Care Illinois
- Effingham Medicinal Farms, LLC
- GTI Oglesby LLC and GTI Rock Island, LLC
- IESO, LLC
- Illinois Grown Medicine, LLC
- In Grown Farms, LLC
- Nature’s Grace and Wellness, LLC
- PharmaCann, LLC
- Progressive Treatment Solutions, LLC
- Revolution Cannabis - Barry, LLC and Revolution Cannabis - Delavan, LLC
- Shelbyville County Community Services, Inc.
- Wellness Group Pharms, LLC
The state is not currently accepting new applications. Fees associated with a cultivation center include a $25,000 application fee, a $200,000 first-year license fee, and a $100,000 annual license fee afterwards.[22]
Louisiana:
Difficulties meeting laboratory testing requirements and acquisitions involving a grow operation have slowed down the progress of getting the state's growing operations started.[23][24] Two growing operations are coming online in 2019, however.[25] Those operations are[25][24]:
- GBSciences, Inc., hired by Louisiana State University, then sold to Wellcana Plus, LLC
- Ilera Holistic Healthcare, which bought Advanced Biomedics, originally hired by Southern University
Maine:
Cultivation and manufacturing is vertically integrated with dispensaries. The state currently allows for eight such facilities, which are run by five entities[26]:
- Canuvo, Inc.
- Northeast Patients Group dba Wellness Connection of Maine (four locations)
- Primary Organic Therapy, Inc. dba Maine Organic Therapy
- Remedy Compassion Center, Inc. dba CuraLeaf Auburn
- Safe Alternatives
Applications don't currently appear to be accepted. Registration fees were $12,000, and a moving fee of $4,000 was also required.[27]
Maryland:
The state does not require vertical integration among its growers, dispensaries, and producers, but many growers may also be integrated with dispensaries, etc. Maryland currently has 14 licensed growers[28]:
- Curio Cultivation, LLC
- Doctors Orders Maryland, LLC
- ForwardGro, LLC
- Freestate Wellness, LLC
- Green Leaf Medical, LLC
- Grow West MD, LLC
- Harvest of Maryland Cultivation, LLC
- HMS Health, LLC
- Holistic Industries, Inc.
- Kind Therapeutics USA, LLC
- Maryland Compassionate Care and Wellness, LLC dba as Grassroots Cannabis
- MaryMed, LLC
- Shore Natural Rx, LLC
- SunMed Growers LLC
- Temescal Wellness
The state opened the application process again for growers and processors, with applications being accepted from March 25 to May 24, 2019. (Seeking to add four new growers and 10 new processors.) The state requires a $2,000 application fee[29] and a $250,000 two-year license fee.[30] As of February 2020, the announcement of the new approved growers and processors was delayed due to an investigation into the fairness of the approval process.[31]
Massachusetts:
The state does not require vertical integration among its growers, dispensaries, and producers, but many growers may also be integrated with dispensaries, etc. Massachusetts currently has 26 licensed cultivators[32]:
- Alternative Therapies Group, Inc.
- Berkshire Roots, Inc.
- Caregiver-Patient Connection
- Commcan, Inc.
- Cultivate Holdings, LLC
- Curaleaf Massachusetts, Inc.
- Garden Remedies, Inc.
- Good Chemistry of Massachusetts, Inc.
- Green Lady Dispensary, Inc.
- Hope Heal Health, Inc.
- In Good Health, Inc.
- I.N.S.A., Inc.
- M3 Ventures, Inc.
- Mass Alternative Care, Inc.
- Mayflower Medicinals, Inc.
- Nature’s Remedy of Massachusetts, Inc.
- New England Treatment Access, LLC
- Northeast Alternatives, Inc.
- Nova Farms, LLC
- Patriot Care Corp.
- Revolutionary Clinics II, Inc.
- RISE Holdings, Inc.
- Sanctuary Medicinals, Inc.
- SIRA Naturals, Inc.
- Temescal Wellness of Massachusetts Holdings, LLC
- Theory Wellness, Inc.
Application and license fees vary based on how many plants are to be grown in the cultivation facility. Refer to the Cannabis Control Commission's guidance document "Guidance for Application and License Fees" for details.
Michigan:
The state does not require vertical integration among its growers, dispensaries, and producers, but many growers may also be integrated with dispensaries, etc. Michigan currently has 87 licensed cultivators[33]:
- 13774 Buena Vista, LLC
- 3843 Euclid, LLC
- 818 Terminal Road, LLC
- A & H Partners, LLC
- A2BG, LLC
- Adams Family Farms, LLC
- AEY Capital, LLC
- Alvarez Cultivation, LLC
- Arbor Farm I, LLC
- Attitude Wellness, LLC
- Aunt Sparkie's, Inc.
- Baudville, Inc.
- BlueSol Biomedical, LLC
- Cannrose, Inc.
- Center Creek, LLC
- Central Coast Horticultural, LLC
- Choice Labs, LLC
- Connorberry Farms, LLC
- Country Boy Farms, LLC
- CRG Buds, LLC
- DCAD, LLC
- Detroit Bud Company, Inc.
- DJR Michigan Properties, LLC
- DLG & Associates, LLC
- Dragonfly Kitchen, Inc.
- Driven Grow, LLC
- EPS I, LLC
- Exclusive Brands, LLC
- Faleo Manufacturing Strategies, LLC
- Fluresh, LLC
- Free Reign, LLC
- Gage Cannabis Company
- Glacial Farms, LLC
- Golden Harvests, LLC
- Grass Lakes Property Investors, LLC
- Great Lakes Cultivation, LLC
- Great Lakes Natural Remedies, Inc.
- Green Peak Industries, LLC
- Green Standard Cultivation, LLC
- Ground Control Michigan, LLC
- Healing Organic Garden, LLC
- Helios-Lang, LLC
- HG Lansing, LLC
- Holistic Research Group, Inc.
- Jartnick Consulting, LLC
- Kinne's Intense Living Organics Farms, LLC
- Kula Farms, LLC
- Larren Investments, LLC
- Liberty Wellness, LLC
- LivWell Enlightened Health, LLC
- Lost Leaf, LLC
- Med Farm of Michigan, Inc.
- Medical Greens, Inc.
- MI Loud Flower Farms, LLC
- MM Agriculture, LLC
- Morenci Brothers Holding Group, LLC
- New Genetics, LLC
- Next Level Wellness, LLC
- Old Dune Farm, LLC
- OrganiLife of Michigan, LLC
- Pharmaco, Inc.
- PincannaRX, LLC
- Pistolesi, LLC
- PM Growers, LLC
- Pure Green, LLC
- QPS Michigan Holdings, LLC
- R L Solutions, LLC dba Real Leaf Solutions
- R-PTN Haltiner, LLC
- Redbud Roots Lab III, LLC
- Rehbel Industries, LLC
- River Flats Ag., LLC
- Scientific Method Research, LLC
- SJS II, LLC
- Sozo Health, Inc.
- T-Rex 1 Corp.
- TheCalmic, LLC
- TriMed Sustainable Solution, LLC
- Trucenta, LLC
- TruGro, LLC
- Two Buds, LLC
- Uncle Buds Provisioning Center, LLC
- UNLOC Gardens, LLC
- VB Chesaning, LLC
- Vendco Michigan, Inc.
- Weinberg Family Enterprises, LLC
- Windsor Township OG, LLC
- Zippy Agriculture, LLC
The state charges $6,000 for an application fee, as well as a "regulatory assessment" fee, which is not clear in cost (varies from $10,000 to $66,000).[34]
Minnesota:
The state has chosen two companies to cultivate for its medical cannabis program[35]:
Further applications are not being accepted at this time. A $20,000 application fee was due for anyone who applied.[36]
Missouri:
After the first wave of approvals in December 2019, the state has 36 unique businesses licensed to cultivate cannabis in the state. To view the list of cultivation facilities, go the licensed facilities page for the state and download the related Excel sheet.
Licensing application fees were $10,000.[37] Applications for cultivation, testing, manufacturing, and dispensary facilities are currently not being accepted.
Montana:
The medical marijuana program in the state is in a bit of disarray. As Michigan-based New Leaf Cannabis Consulting puts it[38]:
Voters re-approved medical cannabis in the state in Nov. 2016. Dispensaries were supposed to not open until June 2017, but a Montana court ruled that they may reopen immediately. Montana used to have an established medical cannabis dispensary program, but a court ruling upholding a severe state law dismantled the dispensaries, by limiting the maximum number of patients to 3; that portion of the law is now repealed.
As of mid-July 2019, the program had finally bounced back to a patient base similar to pre-2011 levels.[39] The state's language is a bit confusing, but it appears that "Providers" are cultivators, and if that is the case, the state currently has 270 licenses issued for cultivators. Visit the state's program website and click on "Licensed Providers in Complia."
Nevada:
The current number and details of the state's licensed cultivators are unknown. Per an inquiry and a form letter emailed from the Marijuana Enforcement Division of Nevada, "the state is only permitted to release information on open dispensaries," and does not release information on current licensed cultivators. However, a list of provisional certificates awarded in November 2014 can still be found on their site, though many of the names are redacted due to confidentiality laws in the state.
Licensing fees for cultivation facilities differ based on product. Recreational marijuana cultivation has an initial $30,000 licensing fee, with renewal costs at $10,000. Medical marijuana cultivation has an initial $3,000 license, with renewal costs at $1,000.[40]
New Hampshire:
The state vertically integrates cultivation and dispensation of medical cannabis into alternative treatment centers, with the state currently allowing for five locations run by three entities[41]:
- Prime Alternative Treatment Centers of NH, Inc.
- Sanctuary ATC
- Temescal Wellness, Inc. (two locations)
The state doesn't appear to be accepting new applications, and it's not clear what fees applicants had to pay.
New Jersey:
The state vertically integrates cultivation and dispensation of medical cannabis into alternative treatment centers, with the state currently allowing for nine locations run by seven entities[42]:
- Breakwater Alternative Treatment Center Corp.
- CuraLeaf NJ, Inc.
- Compassionate Care Foundation, Inc.
- Garden State Dispensary
- Greenleaf Compassion Center
- Harmony Dispensary
- Rise
An application period occurred in July 2018 to grant six more licenses. In December 2018, six additional providers were invited to proceed with the application process, though in February 2019 five appeals were filed by rejected applicants and an existing alternative treatment center in regards to the selected six. Due to the litigation, only one those six providers—Rise—has become fully licensed and operational.[43][44][45] As of February 2020, more lawsuits have delayed final approvals even further, with no clear conclusion in site.[45]
New Mexico:
New Mexico vertically integrates cultivation and distribution. The state calls such licensed entities "licensed non-profit producers" (LNPPs), of which 107 locations are operational.[46] (Go here to see the full list.)
The state is not accepting additional applications at this time. Initial application fee was $10,000, with a license fee of "thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) for the first 150 cannabis plants to be possessed by the non-profit producer, and ten thousand dollars ($10,000) for each additional quantity of 50 plants thereafter to be possessed, up to a maximum collective total of 450 cannabis plants."[47]
New York:
The state vertically integrates cultivation and dispensation of medical cannabis into registered organizations. Each registered organization can have one cultivation facility and up to four dispensaries. Those organizations are[48]:
- Citivia Medical, LLC
- Columbia Care NY, LLC
- Curaleaf NY, LLC
- Etain, LLC
- Fiorello Pharmaceuticals, Inc. dba FP Wellness
- MedMen, Inc.
- NYCANNA, LLC dba The Botanist or Acreage NY
- PharmaCann of New York, LLC
- Vireo Health of New York, LLC
- Valley Agriceuticals, LLC dba Remedy-NY
- Vireo Health of New York, LLC
Applications are not currently being accepted. Applications fee was $10,000, licensing fee $200,000.[49]
North Dakota:
The state approved two cultivation sites in 2018 for its medical marijuana program[50]:
Additional cultivation applications don't appear to be accepted. An initial $5,000 application fee was required, and a $110,000 certification fee for a two-year license.[51]
Ohio:
The state of Ohio approved 30 total cultivator licenses, 17 for Level I and 13 for Level II. They are[52]:
- Agri-Med Ohio, LLC
- Ancient Roots, LLC
- Ascension BioMedical, LLC
- AT-CPC of Ohio, LLC
- Buckeye Relief, LLC
- Certified Cultivators
- Columbia Care OH, LLC
- Cresco Labs Ohio, LLC
- FarmacetuicalRX, LLC
- Farkas Farms, LLC
- Fire Rock Ltd.
- FN Group Holdings, LLC
- Galenas, LLC
- Greenleaf Gardens
- Grow Ohio Pharmaceuticals, LLC
- Harvest Grows, LLC
- Hemma, LLC
- Mother Grows Best, LLC
- OhiGrow, LLC
- Ohio Clean Leaf, LLC
- Ohio Grown Therapies, LLC
- OPC Cultivation, LLC
- Paragon Development Group, LLC
- Parma Wellness Center, LLC
- PharmaCann Ohio, LLC
- Pure OH, LLC
- Pure Ohio Wellness, LLC
- Riviera Creek Holdings, LLC
- Standard Wellness Company, LLC
- Terradiol Ohio, LLC (may get revoked[53]
The state is not currently accepting applications. Application fees were $20,000 for Level I and $2,000 for Level II cultivators, with initial license fees of $180,000 and $18,000 respectively, and annual renewal fees of $200,000 and $20,000 respectively. (Level I permitted to 25,000 square feet initially, Level II to 3,000 square feet initially.)[52]
Oklahoma:
In April 2019, the state released a document containing 118 pages of cannabis cultivators for its medical marijuana program. Consult the "List of Licensed Businesses" to view the entire list. Application/license fee is $2,500 annually.[54]
Oregon
Oregon boasts 1,162 recreational cannabis cultivation licenses across its program. (Medical cannabis growers are designated by an Oregon Medical Marijuana Program.[55]) To view the list of cultivators, go here and choose the PDF or Excel document titled "Approved Marijuana Licenses."
Application fee is $250, license fee varies depending license type ($100–$5,750).[56]
Pennsylvania:
The state initially introduced 12 grower-processor licenses with Phase I of its program.[57] In 2018, the state issued 13 additional permits to grower-processors[58], taking the total to the allowed-for 25. They are:
- AES Compassionate Care, LLC dba Grassroots Cannabis
- Agri-Kind, LLC
- AGRiMED Industries of PA, LLC dba AGRiMED Ward Site
- Calypso Enterprises, LLC
- Cresco Yeltrah, LLC dba Jefferson County Grower/Processor Facility
- DocHouse, LLC
- FarmaceuticalRx, LLC
- Franklin Labs, LLC
- Green Leaf Medicals, LLC
- GTI Pennsylvania, LLC dba GTI Danville Grow/Process
- Hanging Gardens, LLC dba Iron Street
- Holistic Farms, LLC
- Ilera Healthcare, LLC
- INSA, LLC
- Maitri Genetics, LLC
- Parea BioSciences, LLC
- PennAlt Organics, Inc. dba Penn Health's Cultivation Facility
- Pennsylvania Medical Solutions, LLC
- PharmaCann Penn Plant, LLC
- Pier Cove, LLC dba Justice Grown Cultivation and Processing Center
- Prime Wellness of Pennsylvania, LLC
- PurePenn, LLC
- Standard Farms, LLC (Acquired by TILT Holdings, Inc. in January 2019[59])
- Terrapin Investment Fund 1, LLC dba Terrapin Care Station
- Whole Plants, LLC dba WP Health Foundry
Applications are currently not being accepted. Prior applicants paid a $10,000 application fee and $200,000 permit fee.[58]
Rhode Island:
The state has given licenses to 52 cultivators, with 21 additional licenses pending final licensing inspection. Consult the state's approval page for the full list. The application process is currently closed. Prior applicants were required to pay a $5,000 application fee. Annual license fees vary based upon the class (grow operation size) license: Micro at $5,000, Class A at $20,000, Class B at $35,000, Class C at $50,000, and Class D at $80,000.[60]
Utah:
The state handed out eight of its 10 cultivator licenses in 2019. See the state's cannabis program site for details. Those eight cultivators are:
- Dragonfly Greenhouse, LLC
- Harvest of Utah, LLC
- Oakbridge Greenhouse and Floral, Inc.
- Standard Wellness Utah, LLC
- True North of Utah, LLC
- Tryke Companies Utah, LLC
- Wholesome Ag., LLC
- Zion Cultivars, LLC
Applications are currently not being accepted by the state. The original application fee was $2,500, with an additional $51.50 for a background check. Approved licensees pay $100,000 for the first-year license.[61]
Vermont:
Vermont vertically integrates cultivation and distribution and refers to licensed entities as "dispensaries." The state has issued five dispensary registration certificates[62]:
- Champlain Valley Dispensary, Inc. dba as Champlain Valley Dispensary
- Champlain Valley Dispensary, Inc. dba as Southern Vermont Wellness
- FWR, Inc. dba Grassroots Vermont
- Phytoscience Institute, LLC dba PhytoCare Vermont
- Vermont Patients Alliance, Inc.
The state has said it plans on opening the application process to a sixth dispensary once patient count reaches 7000 (which could happen in 2020).[62] Application fees were $2,500 and license fees set at $20,000. Annual renewal fee is $30,000.[63]
Washington:
The state has more than 1,050 active production licenses issued. To view the entire list, go here, export the list, and sort out the production facilities. The state is not accepting new applications at this time. Application fees were $250, with an annual $1,480 annual license fee for producers.[64]
West Virginia:
- The state is still working on developing its medical cannabis program due to unanticipated delays[65], particularly with finding banking solutions for the program.[66] The Bureau for Public Health indicates that it plans on issuing no more than 10 permits for cultivators. The initial application fee will be $5,000 and the permit fee $50,000.[67] The application period should open sometime in 2019.[66] The state ceased accepting application for cultivators on February 18, 2020.[65]
Testing labs and pricing info
Canada
The following are licensed cannabis testing labs, as reported by Health Canada.[68] Note that some of these laboratories are not stand-alone laboratories accepting samples but rather in-house labs testing for R&D or manufacturing programs.
Alberta
- 2253500 Alberta, Inc.
- Bio-Chem Consulting Services (1980) Ltd.
- Blue Sky Analytical Labs Ltd.
- Caro Analytical Services Ltd.
- Drug Development and Innovation Centre
- InnoTech Alberta, Inc.
- Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.
- Keystone Labs, Inc.
- Labs-Mart, Inc.
- Olds Softgels, Inc.
- PBR Laboratories, Inc.
- Quality Analytical Services Ltd.
- Radient Technologies, Inc.
British Columbia
- Analytical Core for Metabolomics and Nutrition
- Avalite Sciences, Inc.
- Canvas Labs Ltd.
- Caro Analytical Services Ltd.
- Centre for Applied Research and Innovation
- Chemia Analytics, Inc.
- Delic Labs, Inc.
- Drug Analysis Service
- Halo Analytics, Inc.
- Innovate Phytoceuticals, Inc.
- ISURA
- Labs-Mart, Inc.
- M.B. Laboratories Ltd.
- Peak Wellness Ltd.
- ProgenyBio Agricultural Services, Inc.
- Pura Analytical Labs, Inc.
- Salvation Botanicals Ltd.
- SGS Canada, Inc.
- Silliker Canada Co. Ltd.
- Supra Research and Development, Inc.
- Teewinot Laboratories, Inc.
- Valens Agritech Ltd.
- VSSL Enterprises Ltd.
- Whistler Therapeutics Corporation
- Willow Analytics, Inc.
- Zenalytic Laboratories Ltd.
Manitoba
New Brunswick
Newfoundland
- None
Nova Scotia
Ontario
- A&L Canada Laboratories, Inc.
- Abide, Inc.
- Accuchek Labs, Inc.
- Activation Laboratories Ltd.
- Applied Research Centre for Natural Products and Medical Cannabis
- ARA-Avanti Rx Analytics, Inc.
- Canadian Clinical Cannabinoids, Inc.
- Cannalabs Science, Inc.
- CREM Co, Inc.
- Dalton Chemical Laboratories, Inc.
- DiaSYS, Inc.
- Diteba Laboratories, Inc.
- Dow Testing Services, Inc.
- Drug Analysis Service
- Eurofins Experchem Laboratories, Inc.
- Fume Labs, Inc.
- High North, Inc.
- Intervivo Solutions, Inc.
- Labs-Mart, Inc.
- Loyalist College of Applied Arts and Technology
- Medical Plants Canada, Inc.
- Mold & Bacteria Consulting Laboratories, Inc.
- Molecular Science Labs Corp.
- Nordion (Canada), Inc.
- Ontario Water Testing Centre, Inc.
- Pharma Medica Research, Inc.
- PPB Analytical, Inc.
- Reena Group of Companies, Inc.
- SGS Canada, Inc.
- Sigma Analytical Services, Inc.
- Synfine Research Limited
- SynHiTech, Inc.
- The Vimy Ridge Group Ltd.
- Transpharm Canada, Inc.
- Tweed, Inc.
- Vivariant Laboratories, Inc.
- Wyndham Forensic Group, Inc.
- Zollaris Laboratories Corporation
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
- ABICH, Inc.
- AGAT Laboratories Ltd.
- Altasciences Company, Inc.
- C-CREST Laboratories, Inc.
- Drug Analysis Service
- Eurofins Environment Testing Canada, Inc.
- Exka, Inc.
- Laboratoire InoVert, Inc.
- Laboratoire PhytoChemia, Inc.
- LaboVal, Inc.
- MS Pharma, Inc.
- Neopharm Labs, Inc.
- Nordion (Canada), Inc.
- Pathogenia, Inc.
- Pharmascience, Inc.
- Syneos Health Clinique, Inc.
Saskatchewan
- Intertek Testing Services (ITS) Canada Ltd.
- Med-Life Discoveries LP
- Saskatchewan Research Council
- ZYUS Life Sciences, Inc.
Yukon
- None
United States
The prevalence of testing laboratories in any given state depends on a few factors: legalization status, state laws regarding testing, and strictness of regulations. Labs typically appear as stand-alone, third-party entities. Though not common, some testing laboratories are located within dispensaries (e.g., Champlain Valley Dispensary in Vermont[69]) and treatment centers (e.g., Sanctuary ATC in New Hampshire.[70]).
The following are known active cannabis testing labs (those currently in the licensing process are not included):
Alabama
As of July 2022, the state is still in the process of finalizing rules and regulations for its program.
Alaska
- CannTest, LLC
- Fairbanks Analytical Testing, LLC
- Land & Seas Laboratory, LLC
- Southeast Alaska Laboratories, LLC
Arizona:
- Apollo Labs, LLC
- AZ Laboratories, LLC
- Black Labs, LLC
- C4 Laboratories, LLC
- Delta Verde Laboratory, LLC
- Desert Valley Testing, LLC
- Green Scientific Labs AZ, LLC
- Highgrade Labs of Arizona, LLC
- Inter-Ag Services, Inc.
- Kanna-Bosm Labs, LLC
- Kaycha Holdings, LLC
- L1 Management, LLC
- Legend Technical Services, Inc.
- Motzz Laboratory, Inc.
- OnPoint Laboratories, LLC
- PAL Arizona, LLC
- Pure Labs, LLC
- Saguaro Testing, LLC
- SV Labs, LLC
- Titan Laboratories Tucson, LLC
- Tree House Labs, LLC
Arkansas:
- Arcanna Analytics, LLC
- Felling Analytical Services and Technology, LLC
- Marygold Laboratories, LLC
- Steep Hill, Inc.
California:
- 2 River Labs, Inc.
- 8 Lane Investments, Inc.
- Advanced Analytical Labs, Inc.
- Anresco, Inc.
- BelCosta Labs Long Beach, LLC
- Biocann Laboratories, LLC
- Brightside Scientific, Inc.
- California Cannabis Testing Labs, Inc.
- Caligreen Laboratory, Inc.
- CanMedLabs, LLC
- CB Labs Management, LLC
- Certified Ag Labs, LLC
- CMB Squared, Inc.
- Confidence Analytics CA, LLC
- Consumer Safety Analytics, LLC
- Coverton Labs, LLC
- CWAL, Inc.
- Encore Labs, LLC
- Excelbis Labs, LLC
- GL Labs Lompoc, LLC
- Green Leaf Lab, LLC
- Harrens Lab, Inc.
- HK Holding, LLC
- Infinite Chemical Analysis Labs, LLC
- LA Test Labs, LLC
- LabPlex, Inc.
- Landau Laboratories, Inc.
- Merso Labs, Inc.
- NCALC, LLC
- Niva Labs, LLC
- North America Laboratories Of Southern California, LLC
- PH Solutions, LLC
- PharmLabs, LLC
- Pride Analytics and Consulting, LLC
- Proforma Labs, LLC
- Pure Analytics, LLC
- Purity Medical Laboratories, LLC
- QC Labs, Inc.
- SC Laboratories, Inc.
- Shasta Laboratory, Inc.
- Sonoma Lab Works, LLC
- Spectrum CannaLabs, Inc.
- Steep Hill, Inc.
- Think20 Labs, LLC
- Twin Arbor Analytical
- Verity Analytics, LLC
- VK Labs, LLC
Colorado:
- Agricor Laboratories, LLC
- Agriscience Labs, Inc.
- Aurum Laboratories, LLC
- Avat, LLC
- Bona Fides Laboratory, Inc.
- Botanacor Laboratories, LLC (hemp only)
- Extract Labs, Inc. (hemp only)
- Gobi Analytical, Inc.
- Kaycha Holdings, LLC (hemp only)
- Nordic Analytical Laboratories, LLC
- PhytaTech CO, LLC
- Rm3 Labs Colorado, LLC
Connecticut:
Delaware:
- High Tide Lab Company (formerly AgroLab Organics) (State-contracted[71][72][73])
District of Columbia:
D.C. is still seeking a lab to take on testing as of mid-2021.[74]
Florida:
- Accuscience Laboratories, LLC
- ACS Laboratory, LLC
- Americanna Laboratories, LLC
- Florida Cannalytics, LLC
- Green Scientific Labs, LLC
- Kaycha Holdings, LLC
- MCS, LLC
- Method Testing Laboratories, LLC
- TerpLife Labs, LLC
Georgia:
As of July 2022, the Georgia Access to Medical Cannabis Commission (GMCC) has not yet opened up applications for laboratory testing licenses.[75]
Hawaii:
Illinois:
Iowa:
The state requires cannabidiol product manufacturers for its medical cannabidiol program test the products at two different stages of production.[76] However, it's not clear if any external labs are licensed to test the state's cannabidiol products.
Louisiana:
Due to an absence of independent testing labs, the Louisiana Department of Agriculture was testing, as of October 2018[77] The Department of Agriculture was jointly working with the LSU AgCenter's Agricultural Chemistry Department to test for the state's fledgling medical marijuana program.[78]
In July 2022, news broke that the state had amended medical marijuana statute to allow The University of Louisiana's Monroe School of Pharmacy "to provide lab testing services for purity and potency to the state’s medical cannabis industry," with an engineering and construction phase for the associated facility beginning in early 2023.[79]
Maine:
Maryland:
Massachusetts:
- Analytics Labs, LLC
- Aries Laboratories, LLC
- ATOZ Laboratories, Inc.
- CDX Analytics, LLC
- Green Analytics Massachusetts, LLC
- Kaycha Holdings, LLC
- Massbiolytics Corp.
- MCR Labs, LLC
- ProVerde Laboratories, Inc.
Michigan:
- 1st Choice Labs, LLC
- ABKO Labs, LLC
- ACT Laboratories, Inc.
- Aries Analytic, LLC
- Can-Lab, LLC
- Centennial Logistics, LLC
- Infinite Chemical Analysis Labs MI, LLC
- Iron Laboratories, LLC
- Laja Investments, LLC
- North Coast Testing Laboratories of Michigan, LLC
- Palmatier Enterprises, Inc.
- Precision Safety Innovation Laboratories, LLC
- Prism Triangle, LLC
- RC Labs, LLC
- Reassure, Inc.
- Steadfast, LLC
- SV Labs, LLC
- Therapeutic Health Choices, LLC
- Treetown Analytical, LLC
- Viridis Group, LLC
Minnesota:
Not clear; independent labs must be approved by Commissioner of Health.[80] Two labs—Aspen Research Corporation and Legend Technical Services, Inc.—were approved to do testing in 2015, but neither lists those services on their website.[81] The state explains how to apply to become an approved laboratory, but no corresponding list of approved labs can be found on the site.
Mississippi:
As of July 2022, the Mississippi medical cannabis program is young, and there are no entities approved as a "Testing Facility" yet on the medical cannabis establishment list.[82]
Missouri:
Medical marijuana passed in November 2018.[83] In late December 2019, Missouri announced a list of 10 labs that were approved for medical marijuana testing.[84] As of July 2022, eight labs are currently approved to operate in MO:
- ClearWater Science, LLC
- Cloud TEN, LLC
- ContiCorp, LLC
- EKG Life Science Solutions, LLC
- GCA, Inc.
- Green Hills Labs, LLC
- Green Precision Analytics, Inc.
- Inovatia AgriTesting Services, LLC
Montana:
- Fidelity Diagnostics Laboratory, LLC
- Nordic Labs, LLC
- Stillwater Laboratories, Inc.
- White Buffalo Laboratories, LLC
Nevada:
- 374 Labs, LLC
- Canalysis Nevada, LLC
- Certified Ag Lab, LLC
- DB Labs, LLC
- Digipath Labs, Inc.
- ERP, LLC
- G3 Labs, LLC
- LettuceTest, LLC
- MA & Associates, LLC
- NV Cann Labs, LLC
New Hampshire:
The state mandates testing, but it's not clear which independent laboratories are approved to do so. Alternative treatment centers may be responsible for own testing. Nelson Analytical, LLC may be licensed to test cannabis in New Hampshire, but it's not clear.
New Jersey:
For the medicinal Cannabis program, independent laboratories are able to test for the program, but a list of labs for medicinal Cannabis can not be found on the Cannabis Regulatory Commission's site. As of July 2022, a list of four testing laboratories show as being approved for a testing license[85]:
New Mexico:
As of August 2022, the State of New Mexico indicates that a list of currently licensed cannabis testing labs, for some reason, is only available "with an Inspection of Public Records (IPRA) request," found here. (Citation: e-mail correspondence.) It's not clear why cultivators, etc. are listed publicly but laboratories are not. Prior to this, Scepter Lab, LLC and Scientific Base Solutions Laboratories, LLC were suspected of being licensed, but it's not clear if they still are.
New York:
"The Department's Wadsworth Center Laboratory will perform initial testing and analysis of final medical marijuana products until independent laboratories receive certification from the New York State Environmental Laboratory Approval Program (ELAP)."[86] The state is accepting comments about laboratory testing regulations until August 15, 2022.[87] Presumably once accepted, applications will be accepted for independent testing labs.
North Carolina:
Some labs in North Carolina, like Avazyme, Inc., are registered with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration to test hemp. See the USDA page for more.
North Dakota:
The state mandates that its compassion centers must test cannabis in-house or have it done by a contracted facility.[88] Keystone State Testing, LLC DBA Dakota State Testing was originally selected by the state for testing in May 2018.[89] However, by late 2020 or early 2021, the North Dakota location was removed from the Keystone State Testing website. A news article from The Dickinson Press in October 2021 casually indicated that Adams Independent Testing, LLC was testing medical marijuana for the state.[90] It's not clear when this transition occurred.
Ohio:
- ACT Laboratories, Inc.
- Battelle Memorial Institute (Provisional)
- CAS Laboratories, LLC
- CP Labs Ohio Operating Company, LLC
- North Coast Testing Laboratories, LLC
- One Bond Laboratories, Inc.
- Pinnacle Testing and Specialty Labs, LLC (Provisional)
- SV Labs, LLC (Provisional)
Oklahoma:
- 405 Analytical, LLC
- Abraxas Labs, LLC
- Advanced Analytics Lab, LLC
- Baseline Laboratories, LLC
- BCA Laboratories, LLC
- Bud's Testing, LLC
- Cannabis Testing, LLC
- Cannalytics Laboratories, LLC
- Daylight Labs, LLC
- Delta9 Labs, LLC
- Demeter OK Laboratory, LLC
- Elevate Scientific, LLC
- Express Toxicology Services, LLC
- Green Country Testing, Inc.
- Greenleaf Labs, LLC
- Havard Industries, LLC
- Higher Testing, LLC
- HighRes Labs, Inc.
- OK Compliance Testing Lab, LLC
- PureLabs-OKC, LLC
- Quality Laboratories, LLC
- Rhino Labs, LLC
- Scissortail Laboratory, LLC
- Sunrise Labs, LLC
- Elite Element Testing Laboratory Tulsa, LLC
- TJB Restricted Holdings, LLC
- Transparent Testing, LLC
Oregon
- 3B Analytical, LLC
- ChemHistory, LLC
- Columbia Laboratories, Inc.
- CS Laboratories, Inc.
- Green Leaf Lab, LLC
- Iron Laboratories, LLC
- Juniper Analytics, LLC
- KGO, LLC
- Lightscale, Inc.
- MW Labs, LLC
- Oregon Integrated Labs, LLC
- Pinnacle Analytics, LLC
- PREE Laboratories, LLC
- Professional Testing Labs, Inc.
- Reference Labs, LLC
- Rogue Research Lab, LLC
- Rose City Laboratories, LLC
- SC Laboratories, Inc.
Pennsylvania:
- ACT Laboratories, Inc.
- Coral Reef EV, LLC
- Green Analytics North, LLC
- Keystone State Testing, LLC
- MCR Labs, LLC
- US Cannalytics, LLC
Rhode Island:
South Dakota:
As of August 2022, the state lists only Cannabis Chem Lab, LLC as the primary testing laboratory, noting also that the South Dakota Public Health Laboratory in Pierre is available but only for "for confirmatory and law enforcement testing."[91]
Texas:
As of August 2022, the state's medical cannabis program is quite limited in scope.[92][93] It appears the three approved suppliers may be doing their own testing in-house, e.g., as with Texas Original.[94]
Utah:
In November 2019, the application process for laboratories opened up.[95] As of August 2022, the Utah Department of Health & Human Services states that the "Utah Department of Agriculture and Food has one licensed Independent Cannabis Testing Facility located in Utah County."[95] The Department of Agriculture and Food reveals this lab to be Aromatic Plant Research Center, LLC.[96]
Vermont:
Washington:
- Capitol Analysis Group, LLC
- Confidence Analytics, Inc.
- GOAT Labs, Inc.
- Integrity Labs, LLC
- Pacific Botanical Laboratories, LLC
- Plaindoor, LLC
- Puyallup Tribal Cannabis Enterprises, Inc.
- Testing Technologies, Inc.
- Treeline Analytics, LLC
- True Northwest, Inc.
West Virginia:
Draft legislation originally stated the Bureau for Public Health will be responsible for approving testing laboratories.[97] An update to its "Growers/Processors/Dispensaries/Laboratories" FAQ was made in February 2020[98], and the application period for such businesses was set to close on February 18, 2020.[98]
As of August 2022, it's not clear how many laboratories have been approved. No formal list of labs can be found on the state site, and according to law, "an approved laboratory may not advertise, market, or otherwise promote its medical cannabis testing services to the general public,"[99] making it difficult to locate them. A single press release was found, however, indicating Analabs, Inc. of Crab Orchard, WV was approved by the state in March 2021.[100]
Mexico
Recreational cannabis was potentially going to be legalized in Mexico in 2019.[101][102] However, the push to legalize was stalled until April 30, 2020, and the possibility it would get pushed back further was real.[103] Expectations were that legalization maybe be limited to medical applications, according to statements by President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.[104]
Though the Mexico Supreme Court struck down laws that would prohibit the use of recreational Cannabis products in June 2021[105], the government has not put in place a legal framework as of August 2022, leaving some of Mexico's farmers to forge ahead without official government approval.[106]
References
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- ↑ Department of Taxation. "Marijuana Establishments". Government of Nevada. https://tax.nv.gov/MME/Marijuana_Establishments_-_Home/. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
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- ↑ Livio, S.K.; Guion, P. (1 February 2019). "These weed growers didn’t get picked to grow medical marijuana in N.J. Now they are ready for a fight". NJ.com. https://www.nj.com/marijuana/2019/02/these-weed-growers-didnt-get-picked-to-grow-medical-marijuana-in-nj-now-they-are-ready-for-a-fight.html. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
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- ↑ Department of Health (9 January 2020). "Licensed Nonprofit Producers". Government of New Mexico. https://nmhealth.org/publication/view/general/2101/. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
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- ↑ Department of Health (February 2020). "Registered Organization Locations". Government of New York State. https://www.health.ny.gov/regulations/medical_marijuana/application/selected_applicants.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
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- ↑ Byer, K. (21 December 2018). "Canton cannabis growers in jeopardy of losing licenses". Akron Beacon Journal. https://www.ohio.com/news/20181221/canton-cannabis-growers-in-jeopardy-of-losing-licenses/1. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Oklahoma Medical Marijuana Authority. "Business Application Information". Government of Oklahoma. http://omma.ok.gov/business-application-information3. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
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- ↑ Flores, C. (1 June 2019). "State of Utah opens bidding for licenses to grow medical marijuana". KUTV. https://kutv.com/news/local/state-of-utah-opens-bidding-for-licenses-to-grow-medical-marijuana. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
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- ↑ Childs, M. (10 February 2017). "Medical Marijuana Fees By State" (PDF). Government of Vermont. https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2018/WorkGroups/Senate%20Judiciary/Bills/S.16/S.16~Michele%20Childs~Medical%20Marijuana%20Fees%20by%20State~2-10-2017.pdf. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
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- ↑ Herrington, A.J. (12 July 2022). "Louisiana University Gains Approval to Conduct Cannabis Research and Testing". High Times. https://hightimes.com/news/louisiana-university-gains-approval-to-conduct-cannabis-research-and-testing/. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
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- ↑ "Establishment Registry: Registered Mississippi Medical Cannabis Establishments". Mississippi State Department of Health. 5 July 2022. https://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/30,0,425,1005.html. Retrieved 08 July 2022.
- ↑ Marso, A. (16 November 2018). "Medical marijuana in Missouri: When—and if—you can get it". The Kansas City Star. https://www.kansascity.com/living/health-fitness/article221302705.html. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
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- ↑ Cannabis Regulatory Commission. "Recreational License Awardees". State of New Jersey. https://www.nj.gov/cannabis/businesses/recreational/license-awardees/. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". New York State Medical Marijuana Program. New York State Department of Health. March 2016. https://www.health.ny.gov/regulations/medical_marijuana/faq.htm. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
- ↑ Office of Cannabis Management. "Marihuana Regulation and Taxation Act (MRTA)". State of New York. https://cannabis.ny.gov/marihuana-regulation-and-taxation-act-mrta. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ↑ "Initiated Constitutional Amendment No. 5" (PDF). North Dakota Secretary of State. 2016. https://vip.sos.nd.gov/pdfs/Measures%20Info/2016%20General/Measure%205.pdf. Retrieved 02 March 2017.
- ↑ "North Dakota chooses medical marijuana laboratory company". The Associated Press. 21 May 2018. https://www.apnews.com/397eab5555e84454af2833c2763ba481. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ↑ Schmidt, H. (10 October 2021). "Fargo lab keeps 'Wild West' of hemp and marijuana industry in line". The Dickinson Press. https://www.thedickinsonpress.com/business/fargo-lab-keeps-wild-west-of-hemp-and-marijuana-industry-in-line. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ↑ "Certified Establishments". South Dakota Department of Health. https://medcannabis.sd.gov/Establishments/CertifiedEstablishments.aspx#Testing. Retrieved 03 August 2022.
- ↑ Miller, S.R. (13 February 2020). "Texas Cannabis Market Restrictions Stunt Growth". New Cannabis Ventures. https://www.newcannabisventures.com/texas-cannabis-market-restrictions-stunt-growth/. Retrieved 08 July 2022.
- ↑ Teakell, J.R.. "A Guide To Texas Medical Marijuana Laws For Doctors And Patient Use". Law Office of John R. Teakell. https://teakelllaw.com/texas-medical-marijuana-laws/. Retrieved 08 July 2022.
- ↑ "Testing Results". Texas Original. https://texasoriginal.com/testing-results/. Retrieved 03 August 2022.
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 "Laboratory & Testing". State of Utah. https://medicalcannabis.utah.gov/production/labs/. Retrieved 03 August 2022.
- ↑ "License Lookup". Utah Department of Agriculture and Food. https://webapp.ag.utah.gov/LicenseLookup/. Retrieved 03 August 2022.
- ↑ Bureau for Public Health (14 December 2017). "Title 64, Legislative Rule, Bureau for Public Health, Series 111, Medical Cannabis Program - Laboratories" (PDF). State of West Virginia. http://dhhr.wv.gov/bph/Documents/MedicalCannabis/Proposed%20Rules/Medical%20Cannabis%20Program%20-%20Laboratories%20-%2064%20CSR%20111%20v1.pdf. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
- ↑ 98.0 98.1 "Office of Medical Cannabis". Bureau for Public Health. State of West Virginia. Archived from the original on 01 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220201215737/https://dhhr.wv.gov/bph/Pages/Medical-Cannabis-Program.aspx. Retrieved 03 August 2022.
- ↑ "Title 64, Legislative Rule, Bureau for Public Health, Series 111, Medical Cannabis Program - Laboratories" (PDF). State of West Virginia. 21 April 2020. https://omc.wv.gov/rules/Documents/64-111%20Medical%20Cannabis%20Program%20-%20Laboratories.pdf. Retrieved 03 August 2022.
- ↑ "Medical Cannabis Testing Laboratory Announced". West Virginia Department of Health & Human Resources. 19 March 2021. https://dhhr.wv.gov/News/2021/Pages/Medical-Cannabis-Testing-Laboratory-Announced.aspx. Retrieved 03 August 2022.
- ↑ Hasse, J. (12 February 2019). "This Former President Thinks Mexico Could Soon Be Exporting Cannabis To The U.S., Legally". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/javierhasse/2019/02/12/this-former-president-thinks-mexico-could-soon-be-exporting-cannabis-to-the-us-legally/. Retrieved 03 August 2022.
- ↑ Jaeger, K. (8 February 2019). "Mexican Senate Report Lays Out Marijuana Legalization Considerations". Marijuana Moment. https://www.marijuanamoment.net/mexican-senate-report-lays-out-marijuana-legalization-considerations/. Retrieved 03 August 2022.
- ↑ Williams, S. (16 November 2019). "News Flash: Recreational Marijuana in Mexico Is Going to Have to Wait". The Motley Fool. https://www.fool.com/investing/2019/11/16/news-flash-recreational-marijuana-in-mexico-is-goi.aspx. Retrieved 03 August 2022.
- ↑ Jaeger, K. (26 February 2020). "Mexican President Wants Focus On Medical Marijuana As Senators Consider Broader Legalization". Marijuana Moment. https://www.marijuanamoment.net/mexican-president-wants-focus-on-medical-marijuana-as-senators-consider-broader-legalization/. Retrieved 03 August 2022.
- ↑ Agren, D. (28 June 2021). "Mexico supreme court strikes down laws that ban use of recreational marijuana". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/28/mexicos-high-court-strikes-down-laws-that-ban-use-of-recreational-marijuana. Retrieved 03 August 2022.
- ↑ Janowitz, N. (15 June 2022). "Mexico's Cannabis Growers Are Going Rogue". Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/akewjg/mexico-rogue-cannabis-growers. Retrieved 03 August 2022.
Citation information for this chapter
Chapters: 6. Final thoughts and 7. Resources
Title: Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States
Edition: Third edition
Author for citation: Shawn E. Douglas
License for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
Publication date: March 2020