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==6. Final thoughts==
{{Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States/Final thoughts and resources/Final thoughts}}
[[File:LAB COURSE IN CHROMATOGRAPHY.jpg|right|300px]] This guide has attempted to provide insight into various aspects of the current status of laboratory testing of cannabis in the U.S. By extension, it has required a closer look at many non-testing or tangentially related aspects of cannabis, including history, regulations, standards, methods, equipment, and software. The guide has also attempted to look at the potential future of testing, a more difficult feat that has required inspection of—and speculation on—a mix of statistics and politics, as well as government and social policy and how they may all affect the future of cannabis testing. We learned that many point fingers at the U.S. federal government for being responsible for several cannabis-related issues, including lack of clear government support for cannabis research, lack of standardization of testing and analysis methods for said research, and wavering policy that remains inconsistent at best. At root is the fact that the federal government maintains cannabis (and its constituents) as a Schedule I drug, by extension declaring that it has no respectable medical use. This and related decisions have slowed down the academic study of cannabis (in the U.S.), including its analysis, quality testing, and research and use as a medical treatment. The development, implementation, and reassessment of cultivation and testing standards and methods have largely been piecemeal; additionally, those efforts have been enacted in an environment where, despite the legal status in a state, fear that the federal government will inevitably intervene slows progress even further.


Despite these barriers, the speed at which U.S. states have adopted some form of legalization of cannabis has pushed scientists and researchers to collaborate and improve standards and methods. Necessity continues to be the mother of invention, driving those in the industry to adapt or perish in a difficult, inconsistent market. State officials are teaming up at industry conferences and sharing ideas. Non-profit organizations are joining forces with major standards agencies to expand and improve good laboratory practices. Researchers—whether on their own or with the help of others internationally—are learning more about the various cannabinoids and their interaction with terpenes, driving new insight into potential therapeutic remedies. Overall public perception about marijuana consumption and use is gradually shifting towards a positive light, even when so little is still understood about the long-term ramifications of its use. Commercial interests are taking notice, and so are international treaty makers. All of this adds up to forward momentum in the cannabis industry, with warts and all.


Many factors will affect the future of cannabis regulation, testing, and research; in the process, we're certain to see both ups and downs as political and social climates continue to change. However, as marijuana consumption and hemp-based manufacturing methods continue to see expanded support, consumers and manufacturers, as well as all those involved in between, will always clamor for a safer product that is "as advertised." Laboratory analysis will play an important role in that effort, whether it's in the medical research lab, the quality control lab, or the manufacturer's lab. It will be imperative for all interested parties to further work together to ensure methods are sound and standardized in a realistic and beneficial way to ensure that in the end consumers will get the best possible product available.
{{Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States/Final thoughts and resources/Key reading and reference material}}


==7. Resources==
===Key reading===


* {{cite web |url=https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf |format=PDF |title=Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs |author=Association of Public Health Laboratories |pages=35 |date=May 2016}}
{{Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States/Final thoughts and resources/Publications and blogs}}


* {{cite journal |title=''Cannabis sativa'': The plant of the thousand and one molecules |journal=Frontiers in Plant Medicine |author=Andre, C.M.; Hausman, J.-F.; Guerriero, G. |volume=7 |pages=19 |year=2016 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2016.00019 |pmid=26870049 |pmc=PMC4740396}}


* {{cite web |url=https://www.aocs.org/stay-informed/read-inform/featured-articles/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016 |title=The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing |author=Cassiday, L. |work=INFORM |publisher=American Oil Chemists' Society |date=October 2016}}
{{Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States/Final thoughts and resources/Education and training}}


* {{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/big-marijuana-1.pdf |format=PDF |title=Worry about bad marijuana — not Big Marijuana |author=Hudak, J.; Rauch, J. |publisher=The Brookings Institution |pages=18 |date=June 2016}}


* {{cite journal |title=Cannabis and the Opioid Crisis |journal=Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research |author=Piomelli, D.; Weiss, S.; Boyd, G. et al. |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=108-16 |year=2018 |doi=10.1089/can.2018.29011.rtl |pmid=29789812 |pmc=PMC5931647}}
{{Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States/Final thoughts and resources/Scientific conferences and trade shows}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/bootleggers.pdf |format=PDF |title=Bootleggers, Baptists, bureaucrats, and bongs: How special interests will shape marijuana legalization |author=Wallach, P.; Rauch, J. |publisher=The Brookings Institution |pages=22 |date=June 2016}}
 
 
===Reference material===
 
* {{cite journal |title=Pharmacology of medical cannabis |journal=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |author=Amin, M.R.; Ali, D.W. |volume=1162 |pages=151–65 |year=2019 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-21737-2_8 |pmid=31332738}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/glossary-of-cannabis-terms |title=Leafly Glossary of Cannabis Terms |author=Chambers, R. |work=Leafly - Cannabis 101 |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc |date=08 August 2013}}
 
* {{cite journal |title=Phytochemistry of ''Cannabis sativa'' L. |journal=Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products |author=ElSohly, M.A.; Radwan, M.M.; Gul, W. et al. |volume=103 |pages=1–36 |year=2017 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_1 |pmid=28120229}}
 
* {{cite web |url=http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/reports/2017/health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids.aspx |title=The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research |author=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=The National Academies Press |pages=440 |doi=10.17226/24625 |date=12 January 2017}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/cannabis-pdq |title=Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ)–Health Professional Version |author=National Cancer Institute |date=07 January 2020}}
 
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ncsl.org/bookstore/state-legislatures-magazine/marijuana-deep-dive.aspx |title=Marijuana Deep Dive |author=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=2018}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana |title=Marijuana Research Report |author=National Institute on Drug Abuse |date=December 2019}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/marijuanainfo |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20170117133745/https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/marijuanainfo |title=Marijuana Resource Center |author=Office of National Drug Control Policy |archivedate=17 January 2017}}
 
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hs5PCgAAQBAJ |title=The Analytical Chemistry of Cannabis |author=Thomas, B.F.; ElSohly, M.A. |editor=Thomas, B.F |publisher=Elsevier |pages=132 |year=2016 |isbn=9780128046708}}
 
* {{cite book |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/cannabis/en/ |title=The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use |author=World Health Organization |editor=Hall, W.; Renström, M.; Poznyak, V |publisher=World Health Organization |pages=95 |year=2016 |isbn=978921510240}}
 
 
====Law and regulation====
 
* {{cite web |url=https://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc/ |title=Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC: Laws, Fees, and Possession Limits |work=ProCon.org |date=24 July 2019}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/home-cannabis-cultivation-laws-a-state-by-state-guide |title=Home Cannabis Cultivation Laws: A State-by-State Guide |work=Leafly - Cannabis 101 |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc |date=15 January 2019}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/business-laws-and-regulations/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html |title=Marijuana Business: Licenses, Permits, and Planning |work=FindLaw |publisher=Thomson Reuters}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.foxrothschild.com/publications/national-survey-on-marijuana-laws-and-regulations/ |title=National Survey on Marijuana Laws and Regulations |author=Horn, J.; Bogot, W. |publisher=Fox Rothschild LLP |date=21 February 2020}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx |title=State Medical Marijuana Laws |author=National Conference of State Legislatures |date=16 October 2019}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/industry/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations |title=Leafly’s State-by-State Guide to Cannabis Testing Regulations |author=Rough, Lisa |work=Leafly - Industry |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc |date=24 February 2020}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd |title=FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD) |author=U.S. Food & Drug Administration |date=13 February 2020}}
 
 
====Standards and guidance====
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.acil.org/page/cannabis-working-group |title=Cannabis Working Group - ACIL |author=American Council of Independent Laboratories |date=2020}} (See the link to "CanNaLap Laboratory Requirements" and "CanNaLap Requirements for Accreditation Bodies" for cannabis laboratory accreditation materials from ACIL)
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.aoac.org/resources/?topic=Cannabis&pagination=2 |title=Cannabis Analytical Science Program |author=Association of Official Agricultural Chemists |date=2020}} (See the "CASP resources and forms" for consensus-driven standards and methods)
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/D37.htm |title=Committee D37 on Cannabis |author=ASTM International}} (See each [https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/SUBCOMMIT/D37.htm sub-committee] for proposed and approved standards)
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.mass.gov/doc/protocol-for-sampling-and-analysis-of-finished-medical-marijuana-products-and-marijuana-1/download |format=Word |title=Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries |author=Cannabis Control Commission |publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts  |pages=21 |date=01 December 2017}}
 
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf |format=PDF |title=Recommendations for Regulators – Cannabis Operations |author=Cannabis Committee, AHPA |publisher=American Herbal Products Association |date=02 February 2016}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/87509/download |format=PDF |title=Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, and Other Elements in Food Using Microwave Assisted Digestion |publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration |author=Gray, P.J.; Mindak, W.R.; Cheng, J. |date=March 2015}}
 
* {{cite book |url=https://herbal-ahp.org/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph/ |title=''Cannabis Inflorescence'': ''Cannabis'' spp. |publisher=American Herbal Pharmacopoeia |editor=Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al. |year=2014 |isbn=1929425333}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/pesticide-analytical-manual-pam |title=Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM) |author=U.S. Food & Drug Administration |date=19 September 2018}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/methods/rammethods/web/html/ram12b.html |title=Residue Analytical Methods (RAM) |author=U.S. Food & Drug Administration |date=20 February 2016}}
 
 
====Testing====
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.a2la.org/accreditation/cannabis-testing |title=Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation Program |author=American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA)}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.aphl.org/programs/environmental_health/Pages/Cannabis-Testing.aspx |title=Cannabis Testing |author=Association of Public Health Laboratories |date=2020}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf |format=PDF |title=Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs |author=Association of Public Health Laboratories |pages=35 |date=May 2016}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/marijuana-reference-library |title=Marijuana reference library |author=Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment |date=2020}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://lcb.wa.gov/publications/Marijuana/BOTEC%20reports/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf |format=PDF |title=Testing ''Cannabis'' for Contaminants |author=Daley, P.; Lampach, D.; Sguerra, S. |publisher=BOTEC Analysis Corp |date=12 September 2013}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/ST-NAR-40-Ebook_1.pdf |format=PDF |title=Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of cannabis and cannabis products |author=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |date=September 2009}} (Note year; still provides historical perspective)
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/STNAR48_Synthetic_Cannabinoids_ENG.pdf |format=PDF |title=Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in seized materials |author=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |date=June 2013}}
 
 
'''New York State Department of Health''':
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/359205661/MML-303-01.pdf |format=PDF |title=Measurement of Mycotoxins by LC-MS/MS, NYS DOH MML-303  |author=Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry |publisher=New York State Department of Health |pages=43 |date=18 November 2015}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/576578963/MML-300-01.pdf |format=PDF |title=Measurement of Phytocannabinoids using HPLC-PDA, NYS DOH MML-300 |author=Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry |publisher=New York State Department of Health |pages=34 |date=03 November 2015}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/1495494332/MML-301-01.pdf |format=PDF |title=Medical marijuana sample preparation protocols for potency analysis, NYS DOH MML-301 |author=Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry |publisher=New York State Department of Health |pages=13 |date=03 November 2015}}
 
* For all other methods documents, see [https://www.wadsworth.org/regulatory/elap/medical-marijuana https://www.wadsworth.org/regulatory/elap/medical-marijuana].
 
 
====Accreditation and certification====
 
* {{cite web |url=https://safeaccess2.org/patientfocusedcertification/ |title=Patient Focused Certification |author=Americans for Safe Access Foundation}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.certified-kind.com/ |title=Certified Kind: Certification for Responsibly Grown Cannabis |author=Certified Kind, LLC}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://cleangreencertified.com/ |title=Clean Green Certified |author=Clean Green Certified}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://pt.emeraldscientific.com/ |title=The Emerald Test |author=Emerald Scientific, LLC}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.pjlabs.com/accreditation-programs/cannabis-testing |title=Accreditation Programs: Cannabis Testing Lab Accreditation |author=Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc}}
 
 
===Publications and blogs===
 
* ''[https://home.liebertpub.com/publications/cannabis-and-cannabinoid-research/633/ Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research]''
* ''[https://www.cannabisbusinessexecutive.com/ Cannabis Business Executive]''
* ''[https://cannabisindustryjournal.com/ Cannabis Industry Journal]''
* ''[https://www.cannabissciencetech.com/ Cannabis Science and Technology]''
* ''[http://cannabisscienceblog.com/ Cannabis Science Blog]''
* ''[https://www.thecannabist.co/ The Cannabist]''
* ''[https://mjbizdaily.com/ Marijuana Business Daily]''
* ''[https://www.marijuanamoment.net/ Marijuana Moment]''
* ''[https://www.medicaljane.com/ MedicalJane]''
* ''[https://www.nature.com/collections/ynbwsfsmjz Nature Outlook: Cannabis]''
* ''[https://beyondthc.com/ O’Shaughnessy’s]''
* ''[https://terpenesandtesting.com/ Terpenes and Testing Magazine]''
* ''[https://www.thompsoncoburn.com/insights/blogs/tracking-cannabis Tracking Cannabis]'' - Thomas Coburn LLP
 
===Education and training===
* [https://420college.org/ 420 College]
* [https://www.academyofcannabisscience.com/ Academy of Cannabis Science]
* [https://akcannabisinstitute.com/ Alaska Cannabis Institute]
* [https://cannabiscareerinstitute.com/ Cannabis Career Institute]
* [https://cannabisindustryinstitute.com/ Cannabis Industry Institute]
* [https://cannabistraininginstitute.com/ Cannabis Training Institute]
* [https://cannabistraininguniversity.com/ Cannabis Training University]
* [https://www.clarku.edu/academics/graduate/programs/certificate/certificate-in-regulatory-affairs-for-cannabis-control-online/ Clark University] (Certificate)
* [https://csceducation.com/ Cleveland School of Cannabis]
* [https://www.cloverleafuniversity.com/ Clover Leaf University]
* [https://www.mccdirectory.org/ Medical Cannabis Caregivers]
* [https://themedicalcannabisinstitute.org/ Medical Cannabis Institute]
* [https://oaksterdamuniversity.com/ Oaksterdam University]
* [https://oregoncannabisinstitute.com/ Oregon Cannabis Institute]
* [http://southerncannabisinstitute.com/ Southern Cannabis Institute]
* [https://trichomeinstitute.com/ Trichome Institute]
* [https://www.pharmacy.umaryland.edu/academics/ms-medical-cannabis-science-and-therapeutics/ University of Maryland School of Pharmacy] (Masters)
 
 
===Scientific conferences and trade shows===
Below are the major scientific conferences and trade shows for cannabis. For additional options, consult [https://nisonco.com/2019/11/21/the-ultimate-list-of-2020-cannabis-conferences/ NisonCo's list] for 2020.
 
* {{cite web |url=https://cannabis-marijuana.neurologyconference.com/ |title=Cannabis and Medicinal Research Conference |publisher=Conference Series, LLC}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://cannabisbusinesssummit.com/ |title=Cannabis Business Summit and Expo |publisher=National Cannabis Industry Association}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cannabisconference.com/ |title=Cannabis Conference |publisher=GIE Media, Inc}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cannabisscienceconference.com/ |title=Cannabis Science Conference |publisher=jCanna, Inc}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.eventsquid.com/event.cfm?id=7698 |title=Concentration 2020: A Cannabinoid Extraction Conference |publisher=Extraction Magazine}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.canna-tech.co/ |title=CannaTech |publisher=iCAN Israel Cannabis}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://cannx.org/ |title=CannX |publisher=Paragon Israel}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.theemeraldconference.com/ |title=Emerald Conference |publisher=Emerald Scientific, LLC}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.csupueblo.edu/institute-of-cannabis-research/ |title=Institute of Cannabis Research Conference |publisher=Colorado State University - Pueblo}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://internationalcbc.com/ |title=International Cannabis Business Conference |publisher=International Conferences Group, LLC}}
 
* {{cite web |url=https://mjbizconference.com/ |title=Marijuana Business Conference & Expo |publisher=Anne Holland Ventures, Inc}}
 
* {{cite web |url=http://patientsoutoftime.org/ |title=National Clinical Conference on Cannabis Therapeutics |publisher=Patients Out of Time}}

Latest revision as of 17:28, 27 March 2020

LAB COURSE IN CHROMATOGRAPHY.jpg

This guide has attempted to provide insight into various aspects of the current status of laboratory testing of cannabis in the U.S. By extension, it has required a closer look at many non-testing or tangentially related aspects of cannabis, including history, regulations, standards, methods, equipment, and software. The guide has also attempted to look at the potential future of testing, a more difficult feat that has required inspection of—and speculation on—a mix of statistics and politics, as well as government and social policy and how they may all affect the future of cannabis testing. We learned that many point fingers at the U.S. federal government for being responsible for several cannabis-related issues, including lack of clear government support for cannabis research, lack of standardization of testing and analysis methods for said research, and wavering policy that remains inconsistent at best. At root is the fact that the federal government maintains cannabis (and its constituents) as a Schedule I drug, by extension declaring that it has no respectable medical use. This and related decisions have slowed down the academic study of cannabis (at least in the U.S.), including its analysis, quality testing, and research and use as a medical treatment. The development, implementation, and reassessment of cultivation and testing standards and methods have largely been piecemeal; additionally, those efforts have been enacted in an environment where, despite the legal status in a state, fear that the federal government will inevitably intervene slows progress even further.

Despite these barriers, the speed at which U.S. states have adopted some form of legalization of cannabis has pushed scientists and researchers to collaborate and improve standards and methods. Necessity continues to be the mother of invention, driving those in the industry to adapt or perish in a difficult, inconsistent market. State officials are teaming up at industry conferences and sharing ideas. Non-profit organizations are joining forces with major standards agencies to expand and improve good laboratory practices. Researchers—whether on their own or with the help of others internationally—are learning more about the various cannabinoids and their interaction with terpenes, driving new insight into potential therapeutic remedies. Overall public perception about marijuana consumption and use is gradually shifting towards a positive light, even when so little is still understood about the long-term ramifications of its use. Commercial interests are taking notice, and so are international treaty makers. All of this adds up to forward momentum in the cannabis industry, with warts and all.

Many factors will affect the future of cannabis regulation, testing, and research; in the process, we're certain to see both ups and downs as political and social climates continue to change. However, as marijuana consumption and hemp-based manufacturing methods continue to see expanded support, consumers and manufacturers, as well as all those involved in between, will always clamor for a safer product that is "as advertised." Laboratory analysis will play an important role in that effort, whether it's in the medical research lab, the quality control lab, or the manufacturer's lab. It will be imperative for all interested parties to further work together to ensure methods are sound and standardized in a realistic and beneficial way to ensure that in the end consumers will get the best possible product available.


6.2.1 Key reading

  • Goldman, S.; Bramante, J.; Vrdoljak, G. et al. "The analytical landscape of cannabis compliance testing". Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 44 (9–10): 403–20. doi:10.1080/10826076.2021.1996390. 


6.2.2 Reference material


Law and regulation


Standards and guidance


Testing


New York State Department of Health:



Accreditation and certification





Below are the major scientific conferences and trade shows for cannabis.

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