Difference between revisions of "Journal:Chemometric analysis of cannabinoids: Chemotaxonomy and domestication syndrome"
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==Abstract== | ==Abstract== | ||
''[[Cannabis]]'' is an interesting domesticated crop with a long history of cultivation and use. [[Cannabis strains|Strains]] have been selected through informal breeding programs with undisclosed parentage and criteria. The term “strain” refers to minor morphological differences and grower branding rather than distinct cultivated varieties. We hypothesized that strains sold by different licensed producers are chemotaxonomically indistinguishable and that the commercial practice of identifying strains by the ratio of total [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) and [[cannabidiol]] (CBD) is insufficient to account for the reported human health outcomes. We used targeted [[metabolomics]] to analyze 11 known [[cannabinoid]]s and an untargeted metabolomics approach to identify 21 unknown cannabinoids. Five clusters of chemotaxonomically indistinguishable strains were identified from the 33 commercial products. Only three of the clusters produce cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) in significant quantities, while the other two clusters redirect metabolic resources toward the [[tetrahydrocannabinolic acid]] (THCA) production pathways. Six unknown metabolites were unique to CBD-rich strains and/or correlated to CBDA, and three unknowns were found only in THC-rich strains. Together, these data indicate the domestication of the ''Cannabis'' [[germplasm]] has resulted in a loss of the CBDA pathway in some strains and reallocation of resources between CBDA and THCA pathways in others. The impact of domestication is a lack of chemical diversity and loss of biodiversity in modern ''Cannabis'' strains. | ''[[Cannabis]]'' is an interesting domesticated crop with a long history of cultivation and use. [[Cannabis strains|Strains]] have been selected through informal breeding programs with undisclosed parentage and criteria. The term “strain” refers to minor morphological differences and grower branding rather than distinct cultivated varieties. We hypothesized that strains sold by different licensed producers are chemotaxonomically indistinguishable and that the commercial practice of identifying strains by the ratio of total [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) and [[cannabidiol]] (CBD) is insufficient to account for the reported human health outcomes. We used targeted [[metabolomics]] to analyze 11 known [[cannabinoid]]s and an untargeted metabolomics approach to identify 21 unknown cannabinoids. Five clusters of chemotaxonomically indistinguishable strains were identified from the 33 commercial products. Only three of the clusters produce cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) in significant quantities, while the other two clusters redirect metabolic resources toward the [[tetrahydrocannabinolic acid]] (THCA) production pathways. Six unknown metabolites were unique to CBD-rich strains and/or correlated to CBDA, and three unknowns were found only in THC-rich strains. Together, these data indicate the domestication of the ''Cannabis'' [[germplasm]] has resulted in a loss of the CBDA pathway in some strains and reallocation of resources between CBDA and THCA pathways in others. The impact of domestication is a lack of chemical diversity and loss of biodiversity in modern ''Cannabis'' strains. | ||
==Introduction== | |||
''Cannabis sativa'' L. (marijuana) is a [[Dioecy|dioecious]], annual plant from Central Asia that has been used medicinally and recreationally for thousands of years.<ref name="ClarkeCanna17">{{cite journal |title=''Cannabis'' Domestication, Breeding History, Present-day Genetic Diversity, and Future Prospects |journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences |author=Clarke, R.C.; Merlin, M.D. |volume=35 |issue=5–6 |pages=293–327 |year=2016 |doi=10.1080/07352689.2016.1267498}}</ref> The domestication of ''Cannabis'' has included human selection, inbreeding, and cross breeding, as well as natural outcrossing and [[Genomics|genome]] mixing.<ref name="ClarkeCanna17" /> Strains are not easily delineated by genotype, and only moderate correlations have been observed between ''C. indica'' and ''C. sativa'' ancestry. In addition, large genetic variance has been observed within identically named strains.<ref name="SawlerTheGenetic15">{{cite journal |title=The Genetic Structure of Marijuana and Hemp |journal=PLoS One |author=Sawler, J.; Stout, J.M.; Fardner, K.M. et al. |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e0133292 |year=2015 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0133292 |pmid=26308334 |pmc=PMC4550350}}</ref><ref name="SolerGenetic17">{{cite journal |title=Genetic structure of ''Cannabis sativa'' var. ''indica'' cultivars based on genomic SSR (gSSR) markers: Implications for breeding and germplasm management |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |author=Soler, S.; Gramazio, P.; Figàs, M.R. et al. |volume=104 |pages=171–78 |year=2017 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.04.043}}</ref> Standardized, highly controlled programs to breed elite varieties or cultivars by selection of phytochemical profile have been limited.<ref name="SmallEvo15">{{cite journal |title=Evolution and Classification of ''Cannabis sativa'' (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization |journal=The Botanical Review |author=Small, E. |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=189–294 |year=2015 |doi=10.1007/s12229-015-9157-3}}</ref><ref name="deMeijerTheChemical14">{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 5: The Chemical Phenotypes (Chemotypes) of Cannabis |title=Handbook of Cannabis |author=de Meijer, E. |editor=Pertwee, R. |publisher=Oxford Scholarship Online |year=2014 |pages=89–110 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662685.003.0005 |isbn=9780199662685}}</ref> It is estimated that there are several hundred or perhaps thousands of strains of cannabis currently being cultivated in legal and illegal markets.<ref name="SmallEvo15" /> It is possible that chemically identical or very closely related plant material is being sold under several different names by different producers, with no clear definition of the concept of a “strain.” | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 21:54, 27 May 2019
| Full article title | Chemometric analysis of cannabinoids: Chemotaxonomy and domestication syndrome |
|---|---|
| Journal | Scientific Reports |
| Author(s) | Mudge, E.M.; Murch, S.J.; Brown, P.N. |
| Author affiliation(s) | University of British Columbia, British Columbia Institute of Technology |
| Primary contact | Email: Send message through journal website |
| Year published | 2018 |
| Volume and issue | 8 |
| Page(s) | 13090 |
| DOI | 10.1038/s41598-018-31120-2 |
| ISSN | 2045-2322 |
| Distribution license | Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International |
| Website | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-31120-2 |
| Download | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-31120-2.pdf (PDF) |
 |
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Abstract
Cannabis is an interesting domesticated crop with a long history of cultivation and use. Strains have been selected through informal breeding programs with undisclosed parentage and criteria. The term “strain” refers to minor morphological differences and grower branding rather than distinct cultivated varieties. We hypothesized that strains sold by different licensed producers are chemotaxonomically indistinguishable and that the commercial practice of identifying strains by the ratio of total tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) is insufficient to account for the reported human health outcomes. We used targeted metabolomics to analyze 11 known cannabinoids and an untargeted metabolomics approach to identify 21 unknown cannabinoids. Five clusters of chemotaxonomically indistinguishable strains were identified from the 33 commercial products. Only three of the clusters produce cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) in significant quantities, while the other two clusters redirect metabolic resources toward the tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) production pathways. Six unknown metabolites were unique to CBD-rich strains and/or correlated to CBDA, and three unknowns were found only in THC-rich strains. Together, these data indicate the domestication of the Cannabis germplasm has resulted in a loss of the CBDA pathway in some strains and reallocation of resources between CBDA and THCA pathways in others. The impact of domestication is a lack of chemical diversity and loss of biodiversity in modern Cannabis strains.
Introduction
Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana) is a dioecious, annual plant from Central Asia that has been used medicinally and recreationally for thousands of years.[1] The domestication of Cannabis has included human selection, inbreeding, and cross breeding, as well as natural outcrossing and genome mixing.[1] Strains are not easily delineated by genotype, and only moderate correlations have been observed between C. indica and C. sativa ancestry. In addition, large genetic variance has been observed within identically named strains.[2][3] Standardized, highly controlled programs to breed elite varieties or cultivars by selection of phytochemical profile have been limited.[4][5] It is estimated that there are several hundred or perhaps thousands of strains of cannabis currently being cultivated in legal and illegal markets.[4] It is possible that chemically identical or very closely related plant material is being sold under several different names by different producers, with no clear definition of the concept of a “strain.”
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Clarke, R.C.; Merlin, M.D. (2016). "Cannabis Domestication, Breeding History, Present-day Genetic Diversity, and Future Prospects". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 35 (5–6): 293–327. doi:10.1080/07352689.2016.1267498.
- ↑ Sawler, J.; Stout, J.M.; Fardner, K.M. et al. (2015). "The Genetic Structure of Marijuana and Hemp". PLoS One 10 (8): e0133292. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133292. PMC PMC4550350. PMID 26308334. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4550350.
- ↑ Soler, S.; Gramazio, P.; Figàs, M.R. et al. (2017). "Genetic structure of Cannabis sativa var. indica cultivars based on genomic SSR (gSSR) markers: Implications for breeding and germplasm management". Industrial Crops and Products 104: 171–78. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.04.043.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Small, E. (2015). "Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization". The Botanical Review 81 (3): 189–294. doi:10.1007/s12229-015-9157-3.
- ↑ de Meijer, E. (2014). "Chapter 5: The Chemical Phenotypes (Chemotypes) of Cannabis". In Pertwee, R.. Handbook of Cannabis. Oxford Scholarship Online. pp. 89–110. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662685.003.0005. ISBN 9780199662685.
Notes
This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.
