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6. Final thoughts and resources

6.1 Final thoughts

6.2 Key reading and reference material

6.2.1 Key reading

• Andre, C.M.; Hausman, J.-F.; Guerriero, G. (2016). "Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules". Frontiers in Plant Medicine 7: 19. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00019. PMC PMC4740396. PMID 26870049. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396. 

• Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). "Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs" (PDF). pp. 35. https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf. 

• Audino, S. (7 February 2018). "Managing Cannabis Testing Lab Workflows Using LIMS". Cannabis Industry Journal. https://cannabisindustryjournal.com/feature_article/managing-cannabis-testing-lab-workflows-using-lims/. 

• Cassiday, L. (October 2016). "The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing". INFORM. American Oil Chemists' Society. https://www.aocs.org/stay-informed/inform-magazine/featured-articles/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016. 

• Goldman, S.; Bramante, J.; Vrdoljak, G. et al. "The analytical landscape of cannabis compliance testing". Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 44 (9–10): 403–20. doi:10.1080/10826076.2021.1996390. 

• Hudak, J.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). "Worry about bad marijuana — not Big Marijuana" (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 18. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/big-marijuana-1.pdf. 

• Paszko, C. (27 November 2018). "Selecting a LIMS for the Cannabis Industry". LabCompare. https://www.labcompare.com/10-Featured-Articles/354722-Selecting-a-LIMS-for-the-Cannabis-Industry/. 

• Piomelli, D.; Weiss, S.; Boyd, G. et al. (2018). "Cannabis and the Opioid Crisis". Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 3 (1): 108-16. doi:10.1089/can.2018.29011.rtl. PMC PMC5931647. PMID 29789812. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5931647. 

• Stewart, I.A.; Petrilli, R.; Hearding, A. (9 August 2021). "Reducing Cannabis Testing and Label Failures". Wilson Elser Moskowitz Edelman & Dicker LLP. https://www.wilsonelser.com/news_and_insights/insights/4278-reducing_cannabis_testing_and_label_failures. 

• Wallach, P.; Rauch, J. (June 2016). "Bootleggers, Baptists, bureaucrats, and bongs: How special interests will shape marijuana legalization" (PDF). The Brookings Institution. pp. 22. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/bootleggers.pdf. 

6.2.2 Reference material

• Amin, M.R.; Ali, D.W. (2019). "Pharmacology of medical cannabis". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1162: 151–65. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21737-2_8. PMID 31332738. 

• Chambers, R. (8 August 2013). "Leafly Glossary of Cannabis Terms". Leafly - Cannabis 101. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/glossary-of-cannabis-terms. 

• Douglas, S.E. (January 2021). "LIMSpec for Cannabis Testing". CannaQA Wiki. https://www.cannaqa.wiki/index.php?title=Book:LIMSpec_for_Cannabis_Testing. 

• ElSohly, M.A.; Radwan, M.M.; Gul, W. et al. (2017). "Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L.". Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 103: 1–36. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_1. PMID 28120229. 

• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (12 January 2017). "The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research". The National Academies Press. pp. 440. doi:10.17226/24625. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24625/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state. 

• National Cancer Institute (6 November 2020). "Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ)–Health Professional Version". https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/cannabis-pdq. 

• National Conference of State Legislatures (2018). "Marijuana Deep Dive". https://www.ncsl.org/bookstore/state-legislatures-magazine/marijuana-deep-dive.aspx. 

• National Institute on Drug Abuse (July 2020). "Cannabis (Marijuana) Research Report". https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/letter-director. 

• Office of National Drug Control Policy. "Marijuana Resource Center". Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. http://web.archive.org/web/20170117133745/https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/marijuanainfo. 

• Thomas, B.F.; ElSohly, M.A. (2016). Thomas, B.F. ed. The Analytical Chemistry of Cannabis. Elsevier. pp. 132. ISBN 9780128046708. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hs5PCgAAQBAJ. 

• World Health Organization (2016). Hall, W.; Renström, M.; Poznyak, V. ed. The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. World Health Organization. pp. 95. ISBN 978921510240. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241510240. 

Law and regulation

• "Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC: Laws, Fees, and Possession Limits". ProCon.org. 3 December 2020. https://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc/. 

• "Recreational Marijuana Laws in the United States". Leafly's Guide to Marijuana Legalization. Leafly Holdings, Inc. November 2020. https://www.leafly.com/learn/legalization/recreational-states. 

• "Marijuana Business: Licenses, Permits, and Planning". FindLaw. Thomson Reuters. 18 October 2019. https://public.findlaw.com/cannabis-law/starting-a-cannabis-business/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html. 

• Horn, J.; Bogot, W. (8 January 2021). "National Survey on Marijuana Laws and Regulations". Fox Rothschild LLP. https://www.foxrothschild.com/publications/national-survey-on-marijuana-laws-and-regulations/. 

• National Conference of State Legislatures (11 January 2021). "State Medical Marijuana Laws". https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx. 

• Rough, Lisa; Leafly Staff (24 February 2020). "Cannabis Testing Regulations: A State-by-state Guide". Leafly - Industry. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https://www.leafly.com/news/industry/leaflys-state-by-state-guide-to-cannabis-testing-regulations. 

• U.S. Food & Drug Administration (22 January 2021). "FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD)". https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd. 

Standards and guidance

• American Council of Independent Laboratories (2022). "Cannabis Working Group - ACIL". https://www.acil.org/page/Cannabis_Working_Group. 

• Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (2022). "Cannabis Analytical Science Program, Standard Method Performance Requirements". https://www.aoac.org/resources/?topic=Cannabis&type=SMPRs&key=. 

• ASTM International (2022). "Committee D37 on Cannabis". https://www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/D37.htm. 

• Cannabis Control Commission (1 December 2017). "Protocol for Sampling and Analysis of Finished Medical Marijuana Products and Marijuana-Infused Products for Massachusetts Registered Medical Marijuana Dispensaries" (Word). Commonwealth of Massachusetts. pp. 21. https://www.mass.gov/doc/protocol-for-sampling-and-analysis-of-finished-medical-marijuana-products-and-marijuana-1/download. 

• Cannabis Committee, AHPA (2 February 2016). "Recommendations for Regulators – Cannabis Operations" (PDF). American Herbal Products Association. https://www.ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/AHPA_Recommendations_for_Regulators_Cannabis_Operations.pdf. 

• Gray, P.J.; Mindak, W.R.; Cheng, J. (February 2020). "Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, and Other Elements in Food Using Microwave Assisted Digestion" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/media/87509/download. 

• Upton, R.; Craker, L.; ElSohly, M. et al., ed. (2014). Cannabis Inflorescence: Cannabis spp.. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. ISBN 1929425333. https://herbal-ahp.org/online-ordering-cannabis-inflorescence-qc-monograph/. 

• U.S. Food & Drug Administration (19 September 2018). "Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM)". https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/pesticide-analytical-manual-pam. 

• U.S. Food & Drug Administration (20 February 2016). "Residue Analytical Methods (RAM)". https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/methods/rammethods/web/html/ram12b.html. 

Testing

• American Council of Independent Laboratories (2019). "Cannabis Testing Recommendations". https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.acil.org/resource/resmgr/cannabis/acil_cannabis_testing_recomm.pdf. 

• Association of Public Health Laboratories (2022). "Cannabis Testing". https://www.aphl.org/programs/environmental_health/Pages/Cannabis-Testing.aspx. 

• Association of Public Health Laboratories (May 2016). "Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs" (PDF). pp. 35. https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf. 

• ASTM Subcommittee D37.03 (1 December 2020). "ASTM D8334/D8334M-20 Standard Practice for Sampling of Cannabis/Hemp Post-Harvest Batches for Laboratory Analyses". ASTM International. https://www.astm.org/d8334_d8334m-20.html. 

• Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (2022). "Marijuana reference library". https://cdphe.colorado.gov/laboratory-services/inspection-of-marijuana-testing-facilities/marijuana-reference-library. 

• Daley, P.; Lampach, D.; Sguerra, S. (12 September 2013). "Testing Cannabis for Contaminants" (PDF). BOTEC Analysis Corp. https://lcb.wa.gov/publications/Marijuana/BOTEC%20reports/1a-Testing-for-Contaminants-Final-Revised.pdf. 

• National Institute of Standards and Technology (25 February 2022). "NIST Cannabis Quality Assurance Program (CannaQAP)". National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/nist-tools-cannabis-laboratory-quality-assurance. 

• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (September 2009). "Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of cannabis and cannabis products" (PDF). https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/ST-NAR-40-Ebook_1.pdf. 

• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (June 2013). "Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in seized materials" (PDF). https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/STNAR48_Synthetic_Cannabinoids_ENG.pdf. 

New York State Department of Health:

• Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (27 May 2021). "Measurement of Mycotoxins in Medical Marijuana by LC-MS/MS, NYS DOH MML-303, Revision 6.1" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 40. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20MML-303-06.1%20final_0.pdf. 

• Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (27 May 2021). "Measurement of Phytocannabinoids in Medical Marijuana using HPLC-PDA, NYS DOH MML-300, Revision 7.1" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 36. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20MML-300-07.1_0.pdf. 

• Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (3 November 2021). "Medical Marijuana Sample Preparation Protocols for Potency Analysis, NYS DOH MML-301, Revision 8" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 19. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20MML-301-08%20final%2011032021_0.pdf. 

• Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Analytical Chemistry (10 January 2022). "Metals and Metalloids in Medical Marijuana Products by ICP-MS, NYS DOH LINC-250, Revision 3" (PDF). New York State Department of Health. pp. 26. https://www.wadsworth.org/sites/default/files/WebDoc/NYS%20DOH%20LINC-250-03.pdf. 

• For all other methods documents, see https://www.wadsworth.org/regulatory/elap/medical-marijuana.

Accreditation and certification

• American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) (2022). "Accreditations > Cannabis Testing". https://a2la.org/accreditation/cannabis-testing/. 

• Americans for Safe Access Foundation (2022). "Patient Focused Certification". https://patientfocusedcertification.org/. 

• ANSI National Accreditation Board (2020). "ANAB Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation Program". https://anab.ansi.org/laboratory-accreditation/cannabis-testing. 

• Certified Kind, LLC (2021). "Certified Kind: Certification for Responsibly Grown Cannabis". https://www.certified-kind.com/. 

• Clean Green Certified (2020). "Clean Green Certified". https://cleangreencertified.com/. 

• Emerald Scientific, LLC (2022). "The Emerald Test". https://pt.emeraldscientific.com/. 

• International Accreditation Service. "Cannabis Testing Laboratory Accreditation". https://www.iasonline.org/services/cannabis-testing-laboratory/. 

• New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center. "Environmental Laboratory Approval Program". https://www.wadsworth.org/regulatory/elap. 

• Oregon State Public Health Laboratory. "Oregon's Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program". https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/LaboratoryServices/EnvironmentalLaboratoryAccreditation/Pages/index.aspx. 

• Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc (2022). "Accreditation Programs: Cannabis Testing Lab Accreditation". https://www.pjlabs.com/accreditation-programs/cannabis-testing. 

6.3 Consultancy and support services

The following entities are known to provide consulting and support services of various types to cannabis testing labs (as well as cultivators, dispensaries, etc.):

• 3C Consulting
• Allay Cannabis Consulting
• American Cannabis Company
• Aurum Labs
• Be Green Legal
• BelCosta Labs
• Canadian Cannabis Dispute Resolution Centre
• Canna Advisors
• Canna Consulting Group
• Cannabis Consulting Group
• Cannabis Legal Group
• Elite Diagnostics
• FTI Consulting
• Green Rush Consulting
• Higher Yields Cannabis Consulting
• Highroad Consulting Group
• Hypur
• Medicine Man Technologies
• Michigan Cannabis Lawyers
• Mindful Cannabis Consulting
• MJ Freeway
• NorCal Cannabis Consultants
• PhytoSciences Consultants
• Quantum 9
• Rhine Laboratories
• RMMC Consulting
• Rocky Mountain Cannabis Consulting
• Ron Brooks Consulting
• SC Laboratories, Inc.
• Sigma Analytical Services
• SIVA
• Steep Hill
• Straight Line Analytics
• The Werc Shop

6.4 Additional resources

Below are the major scientific conferences and trade shows for cannabis.

• "The Analytical Cannabis Expo". Technology Networks. https://www.acexpo.co. 

• "Cannabis and Medicinal Research Conference". Conference Series, LLC. https://cannabis-marijuana.neurologyconference.com/. 

• "Cannabis Business Summit and Expo". National Cannabis Industry Association. https://cannabisbusinesssummit.com/. 

• "Cannabis Conference". GIE Media, Inc. https://www.cannabisconference.com/. 

• "Cannabis Quality Conference & Expo". Cannabis Industry Journal. https://cqcexpo.com. 

• "Cannabis Science Conference". jCanna, Inc. https://www.cannabisscienceconference.com/. 

• "CannaTech". iCAN Israel Cannabis. https://www.canna-tech.co/. 

• "CannX". Paragon Israel. https://cannx.org/. 

• "Emerald Conference". Emerald Scientific, LLC. https://theemeraldconference.com/. 

• "Institute of Cannabis Research Conference". Colorado State University - Pueblo. https://www.csupueblo.edu/institute-of-cannabis-research/. 

• "International Cannabis Business Conference". International Conferences Group, LLC. https://internationalcbc.com/. 

• "Marijuana Business Conference & Expo". Anne Holland Ventures, Inc. https://mjbizconference.com/. 

• "National Clinical Conference on Cannabis Therapeutics". Patients Out of Time. https://patientsoutoftime.com/. 

Select associations, organizations and interest groups who are at least tangentially related to cannabis research and analysis:

• American Chemical Society, Cannabis Chemistry Subdivision: "to be recognized as the leading chemistry authority on the safe & beneficial processing, extraction, and purity analysis of cannabis products"
• American Herbal Products Association: "national trade association and voice of the herbal products industry"
• American Oil Chemists Society: "advances the science and technology of oils, fats, proteins, surfactants, and related materials, enriching the lives of people everywhere"
• Foundation of Cannabis Unified Standards: "to protect public health, consumer safety, and safeguard the environment by promoting integrity in the cannabis industry"
• Hemp Industries Association: "a non-profit trade association representing more than one-thousand (1,000) supporters, farmers and business members serving the hemp industries since 1994"
• International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines: "to advance knowledge on cannabis, cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and related topics especially with regard to their therapeutic potential"
• International Cannabinoid Research Society: "to (1) foster cannabinoid research; (2) promote the exchange of scientific information and perspectives about Cannabis, the cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids through the organization of scientific meetings; (3) serve as a source of reliable information regarding the chemistry, pharmacology, therapeutic uses, toxicology and the behavioral, psychological, and social effects of cannabis and its constituents"
• National Hemp Association: "to support the growth and development of all aspects of the industrial hemp industry"

Citation information for this chapter

Chapter: 6. Final thoughts and resources

Edition: Winter 2020

Title: LIMS Buyer’s Guide for Cannabis Testing Laboratories

Author for citation: Shawn E. Douglas

License for content: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

Publication date: TBD