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As of mid-2018, somewhere between 104 and upwards of more than 140 of the over 750 constituents of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' have been identified as cannabinoids<ref name="RadwanIso15">{{cite journal |title=Isolation and pharmacological evaluation of minor cannabinoids from high-potency ''Cannabis sativa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |author=Radwan, M.M.; ElSohly, M.A.; El-Alfy, A.T. et al. |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=1271-6 |year=2015 |doi=10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00065 |pmid=26000707 |pmc=PMC4880513}}</ref><ref name="SolymosiCanna17">{{cite journal |title=''Cannabis'': A Treasure Trove or Pandora's Box? |journal=Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry |author=Solymosi, K.; Köfalvi, A. |volume=17 |pages=1123–91 |year=2017 |doi=10.2174/1389557516666161004162133}}</ref><ref name="MudgeChemo18">{{cite journal |title=Chemometric Analysis of Cannabinoids: Chemotaxonomy and Domestication Syndrome |journal=Scientific Reports |author=Mudge, E.M.; Murch, S.J.; Brown, P.N. |volume=8 |at=13090 |year=2018 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-31120-2}}</ref>, active chemical compounds that act in a similar way to compounds our body naturally produces, and new cannabinoids continue to be identified during cannabis research.<ref name="MudgeChemo18" /><ref name="CittiANovel19">{{cite journal |title=A novel phytocannabinoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with an in vivo cannabimimetic activity higher than Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol |journal=Scientific Reports |author=Citti, C.; Linciano, P.; Russo, F. et al. |volume=9 |at=20335 |year=2019 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-56785-1}}</ref> Many of our body's cells have cannabinoid receptors capable of modulating neurotransmitter release in the brain and other areas.<ref name="WHOTheHealth16">{{cite book |url=http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/cannabis/en/ |title=The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use |author=World Health Organization |editor=Hall, W.; Renström, M.; Poznyak, V |publisher=World Health Organization |pages=95 |year=2016 |isbn=978921510240}}</ref> The plant's cannabinoids vary, with each bonding to specific receptors in our body, providing differing effects. From a theoretical and medical standpoint, crafting a strain of cannabis that has specific cannabinoids that can aid with a particular malady, while also carefully reproducing the grow conditions to consistently make that [[Cannabis strains|strain]] in the future, is a desirable but difficult goal to achieve.<ref name="RahnCannab14">{{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/cannabinoids-101-what-makes-cannabis-medicine |title=Cannabinoids 101: What Makes Cannabis Medicine? |work=Leafly - Cannabis 101 |author=Rahn, B. |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc |date=22 January 2014 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref> However, even as new strains are developed, identifying an existing strain effectively has its own set of challenges, as Mudge ''et al.'' point out: "the total &#91;[[tetrahydrocannabinol]]&#93; and &#91;[[cannabidiol]]&#93; content is not sufficient to distinguish strains &#91;though&#93; a combination of targeted and untargeted [[Chemometrics|chemometric]] approaches can be used to predict cannabinoid composition and to better understand the impact of informal breeding program and selection on the [[phytochemical]] diversity of cannabis."<ref name="MudgeChemo18" />
Mandated lab testing of terpenes—volatile organic compounds that distinctly affect cannabis aroma and taste—is done primarily as a way to ensure proper labeling of cannabis and related products, including extracts and concentrates, so buyers have confidence in what they are purchasing.<ref name="HabibTesting13">{{cite web |url=https://lcb.wa.gov/publications/Marijuana/BOTEC reports/1c-Testing-for-Psychoactive-Agents-Final.pdf |format=PDF |title=Testing for Psychoactive Agents |author=Habib, R.; Finighan, R.; Davenport, S. |publisher=BOTEC Analysis Corp |date=24 August 2013 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="CMTLabs">{{cite web |url=http://www.cmtlaboratory.com/test-services/tests-offered/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208231830/http://www.cmtlaboratory.com/test-services/tests-offered/ |title=Tests Offered |publisher=CMT Laboratories |archivedate=08 February 2017 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="WercShop">{{cite web |url=http://thewercshop.com/services/terpene-profiling-services/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914143702/http://thewercshop.com/services/terpene-profiling-services/ |title=Terpene Profiling Services |publisher=The Werc Shop |archivedate=14 September 2017 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref> However, additional lab research goes into terpenes as they also show potentially useful pharmacological properties<ref name="HabibTesting13" /><ref name="WercShop" /><ref name="AndreCannabis16">{{cite journal |title=''Cannabis sativa'': The plant of the thousand and one molecules |journal=Frontiers in Plant Medicine |author=Andre, C.M.; Hausman, J.-F.; Guerriero, G. |volume=7 |pages=19 |year=2016 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2016.00019 |pmid=26870049 |pmc=PMC4740396}}</ref>, and they demonstrate synergies (referred to at times as the "entourage effect") with cannabinoids that largely still require further exploration.<ref name="CassidayTheHighs16">{{cite web |url=https://www.aocs.org/stay-informed/inform-magazine/featured-articles/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016 |title=The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing |author=Cassiday, L. |work=INFORM |publisher=American Oil Chemists' Society |date=October 2016 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="AndreCannabis16" /><ref name="WercShop" /><ref name="WachsbergerTerpene16">{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomcityclub.com/terpine-testing-the-future-of-cannabis-is-here/ |title=Terpene Testing: The future of Cannabis is here |author=Wachsberger, K. |work=Bloom Blog |publisher=Bloom City Club |date=02 February 2016 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref> Testing for specific terpenes (discussed later) is less of a standardized practice, though it's rapidly improving.<ref name="HabibTesting13" /> Commonly tested terpenes by third-party testing labs include<ref name="WercShop" /><ref name="CMTLabs" /><ref name="AndreCannabis16" /><ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="RahnUnder14">{{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/understanding-cannabis-testing |title=Understanding Cannabis Testing: A Guide to Cannabinoids and Terpenes |work=Leafly - Cannabis 101 |author=Rahn, B. |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc |date=09 October 2014 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="SCLabs">{{cite web |url=https://www.sclabs.com/terpene-analysis/ |title=Terpene Analysis |publisher=SC Labs, Inc |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref>:


Lab testing of cannabinoids is done primarily as a measure of [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] "potency," though cannabinoids have many other potential therapeutic uses. Current laboratory testing looks at only a handful of cannabinoids; more research and development of analytical techniques that can quickly and accurately detect and separate the rest is required.<ref name="KuzdzalACloser16">{{cite web |url=https://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/sites/ssi.shimadzu.com/files/Industry/Literature/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf |format=PDF |title=A Closer Look at Cannabis Testing |author=Kuzdzal, S.; Clifford, R.; Winkler, P.; Bankert, W. |publisher=Shimadzu Corporation |date=December 2017 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref> Some of the major cannabinoids tested for include<ref name="MudgeChemo18" /><ref name="KuzdzalUnrav15">{{cite journal |title=Unraveling the Cannabinome |journal=The Analytical Scientist |author=Kuzdzal, S.; Lipps, W. |issue=0915 |year=2015 |url=https://theanalyticalscientist.com/techniques-tools/unraveling-the-cannabinome |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="APHLGuide16">{{cite web |url=https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf |format=PDF |title=Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs |author=Association of Public Health Laboratories |pages=35 |date=May 2016 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="RahnUnder14">{{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/understanding-cannabis-testing |title=Understanding Cannabis Testing: A Guide to Cannabinoids and Terpenes |work=Leafly - Cannabis 101 |author=Rahn, B. |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc |date=09 October 2014 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref>:
* [[Bisabolol]]
 
* [[Caryophyllene]]
* '''THC (∆<sup>9</sup>-[[Tetrahydrocannabinol]])''': This is the most commonly known cannabinoid found in cannabis, notable for its strong psychoactive effects and ability to aid with pain, sleep, and appetite issues. Included is its analogue ∆<sup>8</sup>-Tetrahydrocannabinol (which shows notably less strong psychoactive effects than ∆<sup>9</sup><ref name="NIHDelta8">{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-drug/def/delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol |title=delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol |work=NCI Drug Dictionary |publisher=National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref>) and its homologue THCV ([[Tetrahydrocannabivarin]]), which tends to appear in trace amounts and has a more pronounced psychoactive effect, but for a shorter duration. THCV shows promise in fighting anxiety, tremors from neurological disorders, appetite issues, and special cases of bone loss. Also notable is ∆<sup>9</sup>-THCA (∆<sup>9</sup>-[[Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid]]), a non-psychoactive [[Biosynthesis|biosynthetic]] precursor to THC.
* [[P-Cymene|Cymene]]
 
* [[Humulene]]
* '''CBC ([[Cannabichromene]])''': This non-psychoactive cannabinoid is found in trace amounts; however, it tends to be markedly more effective at treating anxiety and stress than CBD (see next). It's also notable for its anti-inflamatory properties and potential use for bone deficiencies.
* [[Limonene]]
 
* [[Linalool]]
* '''CBD ([[Cannabidiol]])''': CBD is a non-psychoactive component of cannabis, typically accounting for up to 35 to 40 percent of cannabis extracts. It acts as a counter-balance to THC, regulating its psychoactivity. It's been researched as a treatment for anxiety, sleep loss, inflammation, stress, pain, and epilepsy, among other afflictions. Included is its homologue CBDV ([[Cannabidivarin]]), which is also non-psychoactive and demonstrates promise as a treatment for epileptic seizures. Also notable is CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid), a non-psychoactive biosynthetic precursor to CBD.
* [[Myrcene]]
 
* [[Phytol]]
* '''CBG ([[Cannabigerol]])''': This cannabinoid is also non-psychoactive but only appears in trace amounts of cannabis. It has potential as a sleep aid, anti-bacterial, and cell growth stimulant. Also notable is CBGA (Cannabigerolic acid), a non-psychoactive biosynthetic precursor to CBG.
* [[Pinene]]
 
* [[Terpinene|Terpinolene]]
* '''CBN ([[Cannabinol]])''': CBN is mildly psychoactive at best and appears only in trace amounts in ''Cannabis sativa'' and ''[[Cannabis indica]]''. It occurs largely as a metabolite of THC and tends to have one of the strongest sedative effects among cannabinoids. It shows promise as a treatment for insomnia, glaucoma, and certain types of pain.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

Revision as of 20:34, 4 February 2022

Mandated lab testing of terpenes—volatile organic compounds that distinctly affect cannabis aroma and taste—is done primarily as a way to ensure proper labeling of cannabis and related products, including extracts and concentrates, so buyers have confidence in what they are purchasing.[1][2][3] However, additional lab research goes into terpenes as they also show potentially useful pharmacological properties[1][3][4], and they demonstrate synergies (referred to at times as the "entourage effect") with cannabinoids that largely still require further exploration.[5][4][3][6] Testing for specific terpenes (discussed later) is less of a standardized practice, though it's rapidly improving.[1] Commonly tested terpenes by third-party testing labs include[3][2][4][5][7][8]:

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Habib, R.; Finighan, R.; Davenport, S. (24 August 2013). reports/1c-Testing-for-Psychoactive-Agents-Final.pdf "Testing for Psychoactive Agents" (PDF). BOTEC Analysis Corp. https://lcb.wa.gov/publications/Marijuana/BOTEC reports/1c-Testing-for-Psychoactive-Agents-Final.pdf. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Tests Offered". CMT Laboratories. Archived from the original on 08 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170208231830/http://www.cmtlaboratory.com/test-services/tests-offered/. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Terpene Profiling Services". The Werc Shop. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170914143702/http://thewercshop.com/services/terpene-profiling-services/. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Andre, C.M.; Hausman, J.-F.; Guerriero, G. (2016). "Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules". Frontiers in Plant Medicine 7: 19. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00019. PMC PMC4740396. PMID 26870049. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC4740396. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cassiday, L. (October 2016). "The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing". INFORM. American Oil Chemists' Society. https://www.aocs.org/stay-informed/inform-magazine/featured-articles/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  6. ↑ Wachsberger, K. (2 February 2016). "Terpene Testing: The future of Cannabis is here". Bloom Blog. Bloom City Club. https://www.bloomcityclub.com/terpine-testing-the-future-of-cannabis-is-here/. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  7. ↑ Rahn, B. (9 October 2014). "Understanding Cannabis Testing: A Guide to Cannabinoids and Terpenes". Leafly - Cannabis 101. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/understanding-cannabis-testing. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  8. ↑ "Terpene Analysis". SC Labs, Inc. https://www.sclabs.com/terpene-analysis/. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
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