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| As of mid-2018, somewhere between 104 and upwards of more than 140 of the over 750 constituents of ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' have been identified as cannabinoids<ref name="RadwanIso15">{{cite journal |title=Isolation and pharmacological evaluation of minor cannabinoids from high-potency ''Cannabis sativa'' |journal=Journal of Natural Products |author=Radwan, M.M.; ElSohly, M.A.; El-Alfy, A.T. et al. |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=1271-6 |year=2015 |doi=10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00065 |pmid=26000707 |pmc=PMC4880513}}</ref><ref name="SolymosiCanna17">{{cite journal |title=''Cannabis'': A Treasure Trove or Pandora's Box? |journal=Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry |author=Solymosi, K.; Köfalvi, A. |volume=17 |pages=1123–91 |year=2017 |doi=10.2174/1389557516666161004162133}}</ref><ref name="MudgeChemo18">{{cite journal |title=Chemometric Analysis of Cannabinoids: Chemotaxonomy and Domestication Syndrome |journal=Scientific Reports |author=Mudge, E.M.; Murch, S.J.; Brown, P.N. |volume=8 |at=13090 |year=2018 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-31120-2}}</ref>, active chemical compounds that act in a similar way to compounds our body naturally produces, and new cannabinoids continue to be identified during cannabis research.<ref name="MudgeChemo18" /><ref name="CittiANovel19">{{cite journal |title=A novel phytocannabinoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with an in vivo cannabimimetic activity higher than Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol |journal=Scientific Reports |author=Citti, C.; Linciano, P.; Russo, F. et al. |volume=9 |at=20335 |year=2019 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-56785-1}}</ref> Many of our body's cells have cannabinoid receptors capable of modulating neurotransmitter release in the brain and other areas.<ref name="WHOTheHealth16">{{cite book |url=http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/cannabis/en/ |title=The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use |author=World Health Organization |editor=Hall, W.; Renström, M.; Poznyak, V |publisher=World Health Organization |pages=95 |year=2016 |isbn=978921510240}}</ref> The plant's cannabinoids vary, with each bonding to specific receptors in our body, providing differing effects. From a theoretical and medical standpoint, crafting a strain of cannabis that has specific cannabinoids that can aid with a particular malady, while also carefully reproducing the grow conditions to consistently make that [[Cannabis strains|strain]] in the future, is a desirable but difficult goal to achieve.<ref name="RahnCannab14">{{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/cannabinoids-101-what-makes-cannabis-medicine |title=Cannabinoids 101: What Makes Cannabis Medicine? |work=Leafly - Cannabis 101 |author=Rahn, B. |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc |date=22 January 2014 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref> However, even as new strains are developed, identifying an existing strain effectively has its own set of challenges, as Mudge ''et al.'' point out: "the total [[[tetrahydrocannabinol]]] and [[[cannabidiol]]] content is not sufficient to distinguish strains [though] a combination of targeted and untargeted [[Chemometrics|chemometric]] approaches can be used to predict cannabinoid composition and to better understand the impact of informal breeding program and selection on the [[phytochemical]] diversity of cannabis."<ref name="MudgeChemo18" />
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| Lab testing of cannabinoids is done primarily as a measure of [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] "potency," though cannabinoids have many other potential therapeutic uses. Current laboratory testing looks at only a handful of cannabinoids; more research and development of analytical techniques that can quickly and accurately detect and separate the rest is required.<ref name="KuzdzalACloser16">{{cite web |url=https://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/sites/ssi.shimadzu.com/files/Industry/Literature/Shimadzu_Whitepaper_Emerging_Cannabis_Industry.pdf |format=PDF |title=A Closer Look at Cannabis Testing |author=Kuzdzal, S.; Clifford, R.; Winkler, P.; Bankert, W. |publisher=Shimadzu Corporation |date=December 2017 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref> Some of the major cannabinoids tested for include<ref name="MudgeChemo18" /><ref name="KuzdzalUnrav15">{{cite journal |title=Unraveling the Cannabinome |journal=The Analytical Scientist |author=Kuzdzal, S.; Lipps, W. |issue=0915 |year=2015 |url=https://theanalyticalscientist.com/techniques-tools/unraveling-the-cannabinome |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="APHLGuide16">{{cite web |url=https://www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/EH-Guide-State-Med-Cannabis-052016.pdf |format=PDF |title=Guidance for State Medical Cannabis Testing Programs |author=Association of Public Health Laboratories |pages=35 |date=May 2016 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="RahnUnder14">{{cite web |url=https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/understanding-cannabis-testing |title=Understanding Cannabis Testing: A Guide to Cannabinoids and Terpenes |work=Leafly - Cannabis 101 |author=Rahn, B. |publisher=Leafly Holdings, Inc |date=09 October 2014 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref>:
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| * '''THC (∆<sup>9</sup>-[[Tetrahydrocannabinol]])''': This is the most commonly known cannabinoid found in cannabis, notable for its strong psychoactive effects and ability to aid with pain, sleep, and appetite issues. Included is its analogue ∆<sup>8</sup>-Tetrahydrocannabinol (which shows notably less strong psychoactive effects than ∆<sup>9</sup><ref name="NIHDelta8">{{cite web |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-drug/def/delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol |title=delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol |work=NCI Drug Dictionary |publisher=National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref>) and its homologue THCV ([[Tetrahydrocannabivarin]]), which tends to appear in trace amounts and has a more pronounced psychoactive effect, but for a shorter duration. THCV shows promise in fighting anxiety, tremors from neurological disorders, appetite issues, and special cases of bone loss. Also notable is ∆<sup>9</sup>-THCA (∆<sup>9</sup>-[[Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid]]), a non-psychoactive [[Biosynthesis|biosynthetic]] precursor to THC.
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| * '''CBC ([[Cannabichromene]])''': This non-psychoactive cannabinoid is found in trace amounts; however, it tends to be markedly more effective at treating anxiety and stress than CBD (see next). It's also notable for its anti-inflamatory properties and potential use for bone deficiencies.
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| * '''CBD ([[Cannabidiol]])''': CBD is a non-psychoactive component of cannabis, typically accounting for up to 35 to 40 percent of cannabis extracts. It acts as a counter-balance to THC, regulating its psychoactivity. It's been researched as a treatment for anxiety, sleep loss, inflammation, stress, pain, and epilepsy, among other afflictions. Included is its homologue CBDV ([[Cannabidivarin]]), which is also non-psychoactive and demonstrates promise as a treatment for epileptic seizures. Also notable is CBDA (Cannabidiolic acid), a non-psychoactive biosynthetic precursor to CBD.
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| * '''CBG ([[Cannabigerol]])''': This cannabinoid is also non-psychoactive but only appears in trace amounts of cannabis. It has potential as a sleep aid, anti-bacterial, and cell growth stimulant. Also notable is CBGA (Cannabigerolic acid), a non-psychoactive biosynthetic precursor to CBG.
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| * '''CBN ([[Cannabinol]])''': CBN is mildly psychoactive at best and appears only in trace amounts in ''Cannabis sativa'' and ''[[Cannabis indica]]''. It occurs largely as a metabolite of THC and tends to have one of the strongest sedative effects among cannabinoids. It shows promise as a treatment for insomnia, glaucoma, and certain types of pain.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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