Difference between revisions of "Template:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States/Regulation, standardization, and quality/Federal regulation of cannabis"

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'''August 11, 2016: DEA denies petition to reschedule marijuana out of Schedule I'''
'''August 11, 2016: DEA denies petition to reschedule marijuana out of Schedule I'''


A request made by two governors and a psychiatric nurse practitioner to the DEA asking it to reschedule marijuana into any other schedule other than Schedule I was denied, as had been done with previous attempts in 2009 and 2011.<ref name="LegerMari16" /><ref name="JosephDEA16" /><ref name="GrubbsDEA16" /> Reasons included known health issues such as prenatal exposure and negative impacts on several biological systems, as well as limited research data and new drug applications.<ref name="Romza-KutzTheSilver16" /> At the same time, however, the DEA also recognized the need for further research and the lack of legal marijuana sources for researchers, publishing a policy statement stating intent "to increase the lawful supply of marijuana available to researchers."<ref name="81FR53846">{{cite journal |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/08/12/2016-17955/applications-to-become-registered-under-the-controlled-substances-act-to-manufacture-marijuana-to |journal=Federal Register |title=Applications To Become Registered Under the Controlled Substances Act To Manufacture Marijuana To Supply Researchers in the United States |volume=81 |issue=156 |date=12 August 2016 |pages=53846–8 |accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref> However, that statement of intent has not been acted upon as of December 2018.<ref name="GurmanMari18">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401 |title=Marijuana-Research Applications Go Nowhere at Justice Department |author=Gurman, S. |work=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones & Company, Inc |date=08 September 2018 |accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="OrdoñezTrump18">{{cite web |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article221305965.html |title=Trump fired Sessions. Here are four takeaways from the attorney general’s tenure |author=Ordoñez, F.; Kumar, A. |work=Miami Herald |publisher=The McClatchy Company |date=07 November 2018 |accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref>
A request made by two governors and a psychiatric nurse practitioner to the DEA asking it to reschedule marijuana into any other schedule other than Schedule I was denied, as had been done with previous attempts in 2009 and 2011.<ref name="LegerMari16" /><ref name="JosephDEA16" /><ref name="GrubbsDEA16" /> Reasons included known health issues such as prenatal exposure and negative impacts on several biological systems, as well as limited research data and new drug applications.<ref name="Romza-KutzTheSilver16" /> At the same time, however, the DEA also recognized the need for further research and the lack of legal marijuana sources for researchers, publishing a policy statement stating intent "to increase the lawful supply of marijuana available to researchers."<ref name="81FR53846">{{cite journal |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/08/12/2016-17955/applications-to-become-registered-under-the-controlled-substances-act-to-manufacture-marijuana-to |journal=Federal Register |title=Applications To Become Registered Under the Controlled Substances Act To Manufacture Marijuana To Supply Researchers in the United States |volume=81 |issue=156 |date=12 August 2016 |pages=53846–8 |accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref> However, that statement of intent has not been acted upon as of December 2018.<ref name="GurmanMari18">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401 |title=Marijuana-Research Applications Go Nowhere at Justice Department |author=Gurman, S. |work=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones & Company, Inc |date=08 September 2018 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="OrdoñezTrump18">{{cite web |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article221305965.html |title=Trump fired Sessions. Here are four takeaways from the attorney general’s tenure |author=Ordoñez, F.; Kumar, A. |work=Miami Herald |publisher=The McClatchy Company |date=07 November 2018 |accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref>


'''December 2018: Congress votes to reconcile and approve the 2018 Farm Bill'''
'''December 2018: Congress votes to reconcile and approve the 2018 Farm Bill'''
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'''December 4, 2020: The MORE Act is approved by the House'''
'''December 4, 2020: The MORE Act is approved by the House'''


As proposed, the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act, introduced by Representatives Nydia M. Velázquez and Jared Golden, "decriminalizes marijuana at the federal level while enabling states to set their regulatory policies without the threat of federal intervention."<ref name="SBAHousePass20">{{cite web |url=https://smallbusiness.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=3480 |title=House Passes Legislation to Make Small Businesses in Cannabis Industry Eligible for SBA Lending Programs |work=Committee News |publisher=Small Business Administration |date=04 December 2020 |accessdate=07 January 2021}}</ref> (It also contains provisions to "make it easier for cannabis businesses legal under state laws to get help from" the Small Business Administration (SBA).<ref name="SBAStatement19" /><ref name="ScottLawmake19">{{cite web |url=https://thehill.com/policy/finance/449419-lawmakers-explore-easing-rules-on-small-cannabis-businesses |title=Lawmakers explore easing rules on small cannabis businesses |author=Scott, V. |work=The Hill |date=19 June 2019 |accessdate=07 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="SBAGolden19">{{cite web |url=https://smallbusiness.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2673 |title=Golden, Velázquez Press SBA to Revise Financial Assistance Policy for Marijuana-Related Businesses |work=Press Releases |publisher=Small Business Administration |date=12 June 2019 |accessdate=07 January 2021}}</ref>) The House voted to pass the legislation in early December 2020, but it was expected to go nowhere in the Senate later that month.<ref name="WalshHouse20">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/04/942949288/house-approves-decriminalizing-marijuana-bill-to-stall-in-senate |title=House Approves Decriminalizing Marijuana; Bill To Stall In Senate |author=Welsh, D. |work=NPR |date=04 December 2020 |accessdate=08 January 2021}}</ref> With changes in the makeup of the Senate in January 2021, a reasonable chance exists that the MORE Act, or a modified version of it, could work its way through the Congress.<ref name="KraneDemoc21">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kriskrane/2021/01/06/democrats-win-the-senate-the-impact-on-marijuana-policy/ |title=Democrats Win The Senate: The Impact On Marijuana Policy |author=Krane, K. |work=Forbes |date=06 January 2021 |accessdate=08 January 2021}}</ref>
As proposed, the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act, introduced by Representatives Nydia M. Velázquez and Jared Golden, "decriminalizes marijuana at the federal level while enabling states to set their regulatory policies without the threat of federal intervention."<ref name="SBAHousePass20">{{cite web |url=https://smallbusiness.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=3480 |title=House Passes Legislation to Make Small Businesses in Cannabis Industry Eligible for SBA Lending Programs |work=Committee News |publisher=Small Business Administration |date=04 December 2020 |accessdate=07 January 2021}}</ref> (It also contains provisions to "make it easier for cannabis businesses legal under state laws to get help from" the Small Business Administration (SBA).<ref name="SBAStatement19">{{cite web |url=https://smallbusiness.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2689 |title=Statement of the Hon. Nydia M. Velázquez on Unlocking Potential? Small Businesses in the Cannabis Industry |work=Press Releases |publisher=Small Business Administration |date=19 June 2019 |accessdate=07 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="ScottLawmake19">{{cite web |url=https://thehill.com/policy/finance/449419-lawmakers-explore-easing-rules-on-small-cannabis-businesses |title=Lawmakers explore easing rules on small cannabis businesses |author=Scott, V. |work=The Hill |date=19 June 2019 |accessdate=07 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="SBAGolden19">{{cite web |url=https://smallbusiness.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2673 |title=Golden, Velázquez Press SBA to Revise Financial Assistance Policy for Marijuana-Related Businesses |work=Press Releases |publisher=Small Business Administration |date=12 June 2019 |accessdate=07 January 2021}}</ref>) The House voted to pass the legislation in early December 2020, but it was expected to go nowhere in the Senate later that month.<ref name="WalshHouse20">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/04/942949288/house-approves-decriminalizing-marijuana-bill-to-stall-in-senate |title=House Approves Decriminalizing Marijuana; Bill To Stall In Senate |author=Welsh, D. |work=NPR |date=04 December 2020 |accessdate=08 January 2021}}</ref> With changes in the makeup of the Senate in January 2021, a reasonable chance exists that the MORE Act, or a modified version of it, could work its way through the Congress.<ref name="KraneDemoc21">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kriskrane/2021/01/06/democrats-win-the-senate-the-impact-on-marijuana-policy/ |title=Democrats Win The Senate: The Impact On Marijuana Policy |author=Krane, K. |work=Forbes |date=06 January 2021 |accessdate=08 January 2021}}</ref>

Revision as of 16:37, 9 July 2021

2. Regulation and standardization

2.1 Federal regulation of cannabis

Dea color logo.svg

On October 27, 1970, the Controlled Substances Act put into place five schedules or classifications of drugs that would be regulated in some fashion, and drugs were initially classified into those schedules, followed by annual reviews and updates.[1] Marijuana was initially placed under Schedule I[1] and remains there today.[2][3][4] As a Schedule I drug, the federal government is indicating marijuana has[1]:

  • "a high potential for abuse";
  • "no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States"; and
  • "a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision".

Then came the Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973, which took existing enforcement entities such as the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs and placed them into a new, unified entity called the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).[5][6] Then President Richard Nixon said of the transition[5]:

The enforcement work could benefit significantly, however, from consolidation of our anti-drug forces under a single unified command. Right now the Federal Government is fighting the war on drug abuse under a distinct handicap, for its efforts are those of a loosely confederated alliance facing a resourceful, elusive, worldwide enemy.

The DEA was given numerous responsibilities, including but not limited to the development of enforcement strategy; investigation and prosecution preparation of suspects violating federal law; regulation of drugs and other controlled substances; and coordination and cooperation with state and local government drug enforcement efforts.[5] Since then the DEA has taken various steps—with guidance from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)[7]—to regulate and enforce the availability and use of controlled substances such as marijuana. As the decriminalization and legalization efforts of states have increased in past decades, this has brought federal regulation and enforcement conflicts to those states that have decriminalized and legalized, largely due to the federal government's insistence on maintaining marijuana as a Schedule I drug.[8][9]

Numerous changes in policy and controversies have occurred since the Controlled Substance Act and DEA were implemented, including a 22-year-long effort by the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) to have marijuana rescheduled (1972–1994).[10] However, the following talking points represent the most recent important federal-level changes and rulings that impact federal regulation of and enforcement of laws relating to cannabis.

October 19, 2009: The Ogden Memorandum

Deputy Attorney General David W. Ogden issued a memorandum "intended solely as a guide to the exercise of investigative and prosecutorial discretion" in regards to state-based laws allowing medical cannabis.[11] The guidance essentially told U.S. attorneys to not prosecute those entities complying fully with state cannabis laws. Researchers generally agree that this memo acted "as a catalyst for expansion of [state-sanctioned and gray market] cannabis supply in states with poorly defined regulations," though the degree to which it influenced such growth remains poorly documented and requires further investigation.[12] To be sure, it likely had some effect, as the number of licensed patients using medical marijuana in the state of Colorado increased from 4,800 in 2008 to 41,000 in 2009, and operating dispensaries jumped to more than 900 by mid-2010.[13]

June 29, 2011: The Cole Memorandum 1

Deputy Attorney General James M. Cole issued a memo as a follow-up to the Ogden Memo, muddying the waters in the process. While stating that the stance of efficiently using department resources as outlined in the Ogden Memo still stood, Cole also made it clear that large grow-ops that didn't qualify as "caregivers" had sprung up since.[14] The language of the memo essentially said "get off your butts and nail those suckers."[15] Cambron et al.[12] and Fairman[16] suggest this memo had some impact as evidenced by declines in cannabis patient registration from 2011–2013 in Colorado, Michigan, and Montana.

August 29, 2013: The Cole Memorandum 2

Deputy Attorney General James M. Cole issued a follow-up memo to his original two years later, following 1. on the heels of then President Obama reiterating publicly that the Department of Justice (DoJ) was to not focus unnecessarily on states that had passed legalization laws and 2. Washington and Colorado legalizing recreational use of cannabis.[12] The second memorandum sought to reduce the emphasis on the size of the grow-op and increase emphasis on—using a case-by-case basis—"whether the operation is demonstrably in compliance with a strong and effective state regulatory system."[17] The memo also clarified specific cases where federal enforcement would be warranted, including distribution to minors, interstate transport, and preventing drugged driving (though it didn't state how). Generally speaking, states saw little federal intervention except in the case of state law being broken or requiring dispensaries to move further away from schools.[18][12] Despite the memo, some attorneys continued to see Cole Memorandum 2 as nothing more than unclear language that had no legal weight for anxious growers and distributors in states where cannabis was legalized.[15]

December 16, 2014 to current: Joyce Amendment

A tenuous truce of sorts arrived with the passage of the Rohrabacher-Farr (later Rohrabacher-Blumenauer, today Joyce) Amendment in December 2014. The amendment prohibited the DoJ from spending funds to prevent or enforce against state laws that allow for medical marijuana cultivation, distribution, and use, particularly when those actions are performed consistently with those state laws.[19] Before being passed in December 2014, the amendment had actually been introduced and defeated six times in the previous 10 years.[20] The DoJ later went on to challenge the amendment on several occasions, from U.S. v. Marin Alliance for Medical Marijuana in 2015 to a collection of 10 different cases from California and Washington in 2016. In all these instances, the courts ruled against the DoJ, setting precedent against further department action.[21][22]

One of the downsides of Rohrabacher-Farr is that it has essentially acted as a short-term rider attached to several spending bills since December 2014. Due again for renewal in April 2017, and with the new Trump administration coalescing—including Trump's demonstrably anti-drug U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions—some in the industry were concerned the amendment would not be renewed, opening the door again for the DoJ to implement stronger enforcement.[23][24][25][26][27] However, the Amendment continued to live on as the Rohrabacher-Blumenauer Amendment, with Rep. Earl Blumenauer taking over as co-lead with the retirement of Rep. Farr. Alternative bills had continued to be proposed in the meantime, including a more permanent version of Rohrabacher-Blumenauer introduced by Representative Dana Rohrabacher of California; however, Speaker Paul Ryan implemented rules prohibiting amendments to budgetary legislation, and the fact remained that Congress was still reluctant in hearing bills that would change the country's marijuana laws.[28][29]

The Rohrabacher-Blumenauer amendment was renewed through December 8, 2018[30] However, earlier in the year, Rep. David Joyce submitted an amendment to protect against federal intrusions on medical marijuana patients abiding by state cannabis laws. Passing in May 2018 and acting the same as Rohrabacher-Blumenauer, the new Joyce Amendment was good through the 2019 fiscal year.[31] However, vows by President Trump in late 2018 to shut down the government "for border security"[32] left some to wonder if a shutdown would affect the continuity of the Joyce Amendment.[33] In June 2019, a modified version of Rohrabacher-Blumenauer by Blumenauer-McClintock-Norton was approved by the U.S. House, which added on protections for adult-use cannabis users as well as medical cannabis users.[34] It was attached to a large-scale appropriations bill[35][36], but the broader version was removed last-minute, leaving only the original protections for medical cannabis.[37] However, it's not clear if the original Rohrabacher-Blumenauer will be approved under the 2021 federal budget plan, as President Trump has reportedly pushed back against its inclusion.[36][35][37]

August 11, 2016: DEA denies petition to reschedule marijuana out of Schedule I

A request made by two governors and a psychiatric nurse practitioner to the DEA asking it to reschedule marijuana into any other schedule other than Schedule I was denied, as had been done with previous attempts in 2009 and 2011.[2][3][4] Reasons included known health issues such as prenatal exposure and negative impacts on several biological systems, as well as limited research data and new drug applications.[8] At the same time, however, the DEA also recognized the need for further research and the lack of legal marijuana sources for researchers, publishing a policy statement stating intent "to increase the lawful supply of marijuana available to researchers."[38] However, that statement of intent has not been acted upon as of December 2018.[39][40]

December 2018: Congress votes to reconcile and approve the 2018 Farm Bill

In April 2018, Majority Leader Mitch McConnell introduced the Hemp Farming Act of 2018, which later found its way into the 2018 Farm Bill. On November 29, lawmakers "struck a deal in principle" to finalize the 2018 Farm Bill, which, if passed, would remove industrial hemp from the Controlled Substance Act's definition of "marijuana" as well as strike it from Schedule I.[41][42][43] On December 20, 2018, President Trump signed the Farm Bill into law, legalizing the cultivation and sale of hemp at the federal level.[44] With this, expectations were that this would represent a logical next step that will eventually see the U.S. government take further action to legalize derivative products and even cannabis.[42] However, despite hemp legalization, legal experts such as those at The National Law Review note additional problems arising, particularly in the realm of cannabidiol (CBD) derived from industrial hemp. Citing a "schizophrenic" state of law across federal and state governments and agencies regarding the status of CBD, expectations are such that the FDA may step up enforcement of CBD infractions, and civil suits against manufacturers who make unjust medical claims about CBD-infused products may rise in number.[43] In fact, some of the first significant warnings were made by the FDA in November 2019, sending warning letters to 15 companies for violating terms of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as well as violating marketing and formulation regulations.[45]

January 15, 2020: House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Health Subcommittee holds first ever cannabis-related hearing

The House Health Subcommittee of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce has held its first ever cannabis hearing, titled "Cannabis Policies for the New Decade." Though no votes or updates to legislation came out of the hearing, much debate over existing and future legislation took place. The primary focus of the hearing was the discussion surrounding cannabis research and cannabis' current scheduling, as well as the problems that come from it. While the committee members agreed that more government-authorized cannabis farms for research materials, as well as more researchers, were needed, there was much disagreement about how to go about with either rescheduling or descheduling cannabis. Bills in various stages of process were discussed, including H.R. 171 on rescheduling THC-containing cannabis to Schedule II, H.R. 601 on producing more research-grade cannabis, and H.R. 2843 on removing cannabis from scheduling, though with numerous stipulations. While nothing specific was resolved, Subcommittee Chairwoman Anna Eshoo reportedly indicated that future hearings would be held, which may include non-agency stakeholders.[46]

December 4, 2020: The MORE Act is approved by the House

As proposed, the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act, introduced by Representatives Nydia M. Velázquez and Jared Golden, "decriminalizes marijuana at the federal level while enabling states to set their regulatory policies without the threat of federal intervention."[47] (It also contains provisions to "make it easier for cannabis businesses legal under state laws to get help from" the Small Business Administration (SBA).[48][49][50]) The House voted to pass the legislation in early December 2020, but it was expected to go nowhere in the Senate later that month.[51] With changes in the makeup of the Senate in January 2021, a reasonable chance exists that the MORE Act, or a modified version of it, could work its way through the Congress.[52]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "§812. Schedules of controlled substances". United States Code. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 3 January 2012. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title21/html/USCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Leger, D.L. (11 August 2016). "Marijuana to remain illegal under federal law, DEA says". USA. Today. Gannett Company. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/08/11/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law/88550804/. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Joseph, A. (10 August 2016). "DEA decision keeps major restrictions in place on marijuana research". STAT. Boston Globe Media. https://www.statnews.com/2016/08/10/marijuana-medical-research-dea/. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Grubbs, A. (13 August 2016). "DEA Declines Request to Reclassify Marijuana, Citiing Its 'High Potential for Abuse'". CNSNews. Media Research Center. http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/alex-grubbs/dea-declines-request-reclassify-marijuana-citiing-its-high-potential-abuse. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973". United States Code. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 3 January 2012. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title5/html/USCODE-2011-title5-app-reorganiz-other-dup96.htm. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  6. ↑ "Drug Enforcement Administration: 1970–1975" (PDF). DEA History In Depth. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. https://www.dea.gov/about/history/1970-1975.pdf. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  7. ↑ Hamilton, K. (27 June 2016). "The FDA told the DEA whether pot is medicine — but it won't tell the public". Vice News. Vice Media, LLC. https://news.vice.com/article/dea-fda-marijuana-schedule-1-status-decision. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Romza-Kutz, D.; Roth V., F. (15 August 2016). "The silver lining in the DEA’s refusal to reclassify cannabis". Tracking Cannabis. Thompson Coburn LLP. http://www.thompsoncoburn.com/insights/blogs/tracking-cannabis/post/2016-08-15/the-silver-lining-in-the-dea-s-refusal-to-reclassify-cannabis. Retrieved 25 January 2017. 
  9. ↑ Hudak, J. (20 June 2015). "The Conflict Between Federal and State Marijuana Laws Claims a Victim". Newsweek. Newsweek, LLC. http://www.newsweek.com/conflict-between-federal-and-state-marijuana-laws-claims-victim-345099. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  10. ↑ Drug Policy Alliance; MAPS (June 2014). "The DEA: Four Decades of Impeding And Rejecting Science" (PDF). Drug Policy Alliance. http://www.drugpolicy.org/sites/default/files/DPA-MAPS_DEA_Science_Final.pdf. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  11. ↑ Ogden, D.W. (19 October 2009). "Memorandum for Selected United State Attorneys on Investigations and Prosecutions in States Authorizing the Medical Use of Marijuana". Justice Blogs. Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/opa/blog/memorandum-selected-united-state-attorneys-investigations-and-prosecutions-states. Retrieved 26 January 2017. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Cambron, C.; Guttmannova, K.; Fleming, C.B. (2017). "State and National Contexts in Evaluating Cannabis Laws: A Case Study of Washington State". Journal of Drug Issues 47 (1): 74–90. doi:10.1177/0022042616678607. 
  13. ↑ Rocky Mountain HIDTA (August 2013). "The Legalization of Marijuana in Colorado: The Impact" (PDF). http://www.rmhidta.org/html/final%20legalization%20of%20mj%20in%20colorado%20the%20impact.pdf. Retrieved 26 January 2017. 
  14. ↑ Cole, J.M. (29 June 2011). "Memorandum for United States Attorneys" (PDF). Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/oip/legacy/2014/07/23/dag-guidance-2011-for-medical-marijuana-use.pdf. Retrieved 26 January 2017. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Greenfield, S.H. (30 August 2013). "The Cole Memo 2.0: This Changes Everything". Simple Justice. https://blog.simplejustice.us/2013/08/30/the-cole-memo-2-0-this-changes-everything/. Retrieved 26 January 2017. 
  16. ↑ Fairman, B.J. (2016). "Trends in registered medical marijuana participation across 13 US states and District of Columbia". Drug and Alcohol Dependence 159: 72–9. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.015. PMID 26686277. 
  17. ↑ Cole, J.M. (29 August 2013). "Memorandum for All United States Attorneys" (PDF). Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/3052013829132756857467.pdf. Retrieved 26 January 2017. 
  18. ↑ "Federal Marijuana Enforcement Policy". Marijuana Policy Project. 2016. https://www.mpp.org/federal/federal-enforcement-policy-on-state-marijuana-laws/. Retrieved 26 January 2017. 
  19. ↑ Armentano, P. (16 December 2014). "President Signs Federal Spending Bill Protecting State Sanctioned Medical Marijuana Programs". NORML Blog. NORML Foundation. http://blog.norml.org/2014/12/16/president-to-sign-federal-spending-bill-protecting-state-sanctioned-medical-marijuana-programs/. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  20. ↑ Brekke, D. (30 May 2014). "House Votes to End Medical Marijuana Prosecutions". KQED News. KQED, Inc. https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/05/30/house-votes-to-block-medical-pot-prosecution/. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  21. ↑ Ingraham, C. (20 October 2015). "Federal court tells the DEA to stop harassing medical marijuana providers". The Washington Post. WP Company, LLC. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/10/20/federal-court-tells-the-dea-to-stop-harassing-medical-marijuana-providers/. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  22. ↑ Fermer, M. (16 August 2016). "The Largest Federal Appeals Court Tells DOJ To Back Off State-Legal Medical Marijuana". The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/medical-marijuana-9th-circuit_us_57b36a31e4b04ff883990337. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  23. ↑ Steinmetz, K. (8 November 2016). "These States Just Legalized Marijuana". Time. Time, Inc. http://time.com/4559278/marijuana-election-results-2016/. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 
  24. ↑ Swerdlow, L. (22 January 2017). "April 28, 2017 - Be Afraid, Be Very Afraid + IRS FU". Marijuana Anti-Prohibition Project. http://www.marijuananews.org/afraid. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  25. ↑ Yakowicz, W. (20 January 2017). "The Perfect Storm That Could Cripple the Marijuana Industry Under Trump". Inc. Mansueto Ventures, LLC. http://www.inc.com/will-yakowicz/perfect-storm-regulations-could-cripple-marijuana-industry.html. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  26. ↑ Rohrabacher, D. (11 January 2017). "Rohrabacher praises Sessions, urges AG nominee to respect federal marijuana law". State of California. https://rohrabacher.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/rohrabacher-praises-sessions-urges-ag-nominee-to-respect-federal. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  27. ↑ Mui, Y. (14 March 2017). "Trump and his attorney general are freaking out the $7 billion pot industry". CNBC. CNBC, LLC. http://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/14/donald-trump-and-jeff-sessions-anti-legal-pot-industry.html. Retrieved 15 March 2017. 
  28. ↑ Adams, M. (13 March 2017). "Marijuana Bills Currently In Congress: How They Can Change The Game". The Fresh Toast. Project Coco, Inc. https://thefreshtoast.com/cannabis/marijuana-bills-currently-congress-can-change-game/. Retrieved 15 March 2017. 
  29. ↑ Ruskin, Z. (8 March 2017). "Sessions Hints at a War on Marijuana. Now What?". SF Weekly. San Francisco Media Co. http://www.sfweekly.com/news/chemtales/sessions-hints-at-a-war-on-marijuana-now-what/. Retrieved 15 March 2017. 
  30. ↑ Sherman, E. (18 October 2018). "Despite Canada's legalization of pot, cannabis stocks need more than a puff of smoke to stay lit". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/despite-canada-s-legalization-pot-cannabis-stocks-need-more-puff-n921721. Retrieved 13 November 2018. 
  31. ↑ Misulonas, J. (18 May 2018). "Congressional Committee Passes Amendment Protecting Medical Marijuana Laws from Jeff Sessions". Civilized. https://www.civilized.life/articles/congressional-commitee-passes-medical-marijuana-amendment/. Retrieved 11 December 2018. 
  32. ↑ Bolton, A. (11 December 2018). "Senators dumbfounded by Trump vow to shut down government". The Hill. https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/420809-senators-dumbfounded-by-trump-vow-to-shut-down-government. Retrieved 11 December 2018. 
  33. ↑ Hicks, B. (30 November 2018). "How The Potential Government Shutdown Could Affect Medical Marijuana Users". Civilized. https://www.civilized.life/articles/how-the-potential-government-shutdown-could-affect-medical-marijuana-users/. Retrieved 11 December 2018. 
  34. ↑ Fernandez, J.G. (2 July 2019). "House of Representatives Approves Amendment to Protect Legal Cannabis". Shepherd Express. https://shepherdexpress.com/hemp/cannabis/house-of-representatives-approves-amendment-to-protect-legal/. Retrieved 05 March 2020. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Kopp, E. (4 March 2020). "States turn to unenforced federal law to slow medical marijuana legalization". Roll Call. https://www.rollcall.com/2020/03/04/states-turn-to-unenforced-federal-law-to-slow-medical-marijuana-legalization/. Retrieved 05 March 2020. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Tax Attorney (28 February 2020). "President Trump Seeking To Prosecute Legalized Adult-use Marijuana Businesses". Blog - Jeffrey B. Khan. https://www.kahntaxlaw.com/president-trump-seeking-to-prosecute-legalized-adult-use-marijuana-businesses/. Retrieved 05 March 2020. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Angell, T. (21 December 2019). "Trump Says He Can Ignore Medical Marijuana Protections Passed By Congress". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomangell/2019/12/21/trump-says-he-can-ignore-medical-marijuana-protections-passed-by-congress/#154d87594256. Retrieved 05 March 2020. 
  38. ↑ "Applications To Become Registered Under the Controlled Substances Act To Manufacture Marijuana To Supply Researchers in the United States". Federal Register 81 (156): 53846–8. 12 August 2016. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/08/12/2016-17955/applications-to-become-registered-under-the-controlled-substances-act-to-manufacture-marijuana-to. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  39. ↑ Gurman, S. (8 September 2018). "Marijuana-Research Applications Go Nowhere at Justice Department". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. https://www.wsj.com/articles/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  40. ↑ Ordoñez, F.; Kumar, A. (7 November 2018). "Trump fired Sessions. Here are four takeaways from the attorney general’s tenure". Miami Herald. The McClatchy Company. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article221305965.html. Retrieved 13 November 2018. 
  41. ↑ Pamuk, H. (29 November 2018). "U.S. lawmakers seal Farm Bill agreement in principle". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-farmbill/u-s-lawmakers-seal-farm-bill-agreement-in-principle-idUSKCN1NY21M. Retrieved 06 December 2018. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Milligan, S. (4 December 2018). "Legalization of Hemp Could Be First Step for Federal Marijuana Protections". U.S. News and World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2018-12-04/legalization-of-hemp-could-be-first-step-for-federal-marijuana-protections. Retrieved 06 December 2018. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Stewart, I.A.; Kloss, J.M.; Willner, N.M. (4 December 2018). "Will Hemp-Derived CBD Be Fully Legal with Passage of the 2018 Farm Bill? Not Quite…". The National Law Review. https://www.natlawreview.com/article/will-hemp-derived-cbd-be-fully-legal-passage-2018-farm-bill-not-quite. Retrieved 06 December 2018. 
  44. ↑ Cohen, B.; Bleicher, M.C.; Fortier, D.L. et al. (31 December 2018). "What Does the 2018 Farm Bill Mean for the Hemp and CBD Businesses?". Perkins Coie LLP. https://www.perkinscoie.com/en/news-insights/what-does-the-2018-farm-bill-mean-for-the-hemp-and-cbd-businesses.html. Retrieved 20 February 2020. 
  45. ↑ U.S. Food & Drug Administration (25 November 2019). "FDA warns 15 companies for illegally selling various products containing cannabidiol as agency details safety concerns". Press Announcements. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-15-companies-illegally-selling-various-products-containing-cannabidiol-agency-details. Retrieved 20 February 2020. 
  46. ↑ Norwinski, E.J.; Landgraf, L.C.; Blackwood, K. et al. (10 February 2020). "United States: Recent Congressional Efforts To Address The Cannabis Policy Gap". Mondaq. https://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/Cannabis-Hemp/891270/Recent-Congressional-Efforts-To-Address-The-Cannabis-Policy-Gap. Retrieved 20 February 2020. 
  47. ↑ "House Passes Legislation to Make Small Businesses in Cannabis Industry Eligible for SBA Lending Programs". Committee News. Small Business Administration. 4 December 2020. https://smallbusiness.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=3480. Retrieved 07 January 2021. 
  48. ↑ "Statement of the Hon. Nydia M. Velázquez on Unlocking Potential? Small Businesses in the Cannabis Industry". Press Releases. Small Business Administration. 19 June 2019. https://smallbusiness.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2689. Retrieved 07 January 2021. 
  49. ↑ Scott, V. (19 June 2019). "Lawmakers explore easing rules on small cannabis businesses". The Hill. https://thehill.com/policy/finance/449419-lawmakers-explore-easing-rules-on-small-cannabis-businesses. Retrieved 07 January 2021. 
  50. ↑ "Golden, Velázquez Press SBA to Revise Financial Assistance Policy for Marijuana-Related Businesses". Press Releases. Small Business Administration. 12 June 2019. https://smallbusiness.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=2673. Retrieved 07 January 2021. 
  51. ↑ Welsh, D. (4 December 2020). "House Approves Decriminalizing Marijuana; Bill To Stall In Senate". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/12/04/942949288/house-approves-decriminalizing-marijuana-bill-to-stall-in-senate. Retrieved 08 January 2021. 
  52. ↑ Krane, K. (6 January 2021). "Democrats Win The Senate: The Impact On Marijuana Policy". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kriskrane/2021/01/06/democrats-win-the-senate-the-impact-on-marijuana-policy/. Retrieved 08 January 2021. 
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