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===1.3 Cultivation and distribution===
===1.3 Cultivation and distribution===
At the federal level, marijuana is considered a Schedule I drug and remains illegal.<ref name="GPO21USC812">{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title21/html/USCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm |title=§812. Schedules of controlled substances |work=United States Code |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |date=03 January 2012 |accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="LegerMari16">{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/08/11/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law/88550804/ |title=Marijuana to remain illegal under federal law, DEA says |author=Leger, D.L. |work=USA. Today |publisher=Gannett Company |date=11 August 2016 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref> (Federal regulation of cannabis is discussed in detail later under "Regulation and standardization.") This doesn't leave a lot of options for researchers and the like. In fact, the only federally-granted [[Cannabis cultivation|grow operation]] (grow-op) as of this writing is the University of Mississippi, contracted by the [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] (NIDA) to grow marijuana for approved research studies.<ref name="BajajHowThe14">{{cite web |url=https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/30/how-the-federal-government-slows-marijuana-research/ |title=How the Federal Government Slows Marijuana Research |author=Bajaj, V. |work=Taking Note: The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=30 July 2014 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="CheslerGov15">{{cite web |url=https://weedrush.news21.com/government-restrictions-lack-of-funding-slow-progress-on-medical-marijuana-research/ |title=Government restrictions, lack of funding slow progress on medical marijuana research |author=Chesler, J.; Ard, A. |work=News21: America's Weed Rush |publisher=Carnegie Corporation of New York; John S. and James L. Knight Foundation |date=15 August 2015 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="WeissTestimony16">{{cite web |url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/agencies/asl/testimony/2016-09/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids/index.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504180135/https://www.hhs.gov/about/agencies/asl/testimony/2016-09/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids/index.html |title=Testimony from Susan R.B. Weiss, Ph.D. on The State of the Science on the Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana and Cannabinoids before Judiciary Committee |author=Weiss, S.R.B. |work=ASL Testimony |publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services |date=13 July 2016 |archivedate=04 May 2017 |accessdate=08 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="JosephDEA16">{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/08/10/marijuana-medical-research-dea/ |title=DEA decision keeps major restrictions in place on marijuana research |author=Joseph, A. |work=STAT |publisher=Boston Globe Media |date=10 August 2016 |accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="RudroffMari17">{{cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/marijuana-regulation-blocks-vital-ms-research-544886 |title=Marijuana Regulation Blocks Vital Multiple Sclerosis Research |author=Rudroff, T. |work=Newsweek |publisher=IBT Media, Inc |date=21 January 2017 |accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref>, and promises to expand grow-ops for research have fallen flat.<ref name="GurmanMari18">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401 |title=Marijuana-Research Applications Go Nowhere at Justice Department |author=Gurman, S. |work=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones & Company, Inc |date=08 September 2018 |accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="OrdoñezTrump18">{{cite web |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article221305965.html |title=Trump fired Sessions. Here are four takeaways from the attorney general’s tenure |author=Ordoñez, F.; Kumar, A. |work=Miami Herald |publisher=The McClatchy Company |date=07 November 2018 |accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref> And while the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill legalized hemp cultivation with certain restrictions<ref name="GoodFarm18">{{cite web |url=https://farmpolicynews.illinois.edu/2018/12/farm-bill-signed-snap-proposal-released-and-trade-aid-payments-approved/ |title=Farm Bill Signed, SNAP Proposal Released, and Trade Aid Payments Approved |work=Farm Policy News |author=Good, K. |publisher=Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois |date=20 December 2018 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="HudakTheFarm18">{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2018/12/14/the-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer/ |title=The Farm Bill, hemp legalization and the status of CBD: An explainer |author=Hudak, J. |work=FIXGOV |publisher=The Brookings Institution |date=14 December 2018 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref>, this does little to help researchers who need marijuana for study.
At the federal level, marijuana is considered a Schedule I drug and remains illegal.<ref name="GPO21USC812">{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title21/html/USCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm |title=§812. Schedules of controlled substances |work=United States Code |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |date=03 January 2012 |accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="LegerMari16">{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/08/11/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law/88550804/ |title=Marijuana to remain illegal under federal law, DEA says |author=Leger, D.L. |work=USA. Today |publisher=Gannett Company |date=11 August 2016 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref> (Federal regulation of cannabis is discussed in detail later under "Regulation and standardization.") This doesn't leave a lot of options for researchers and the like. In fact, the only federally-granted [[Cannabis cultivation|grow operation]] (grow-op) as of this writing is the University of Mississippi, contracted by the [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] (NIDA) to grow marijuana for approved research studies.<ref name="BajajHowThe14">{{cite web |url=https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/30/how-the-federal-government-slows-marijuana-research/ |title=How the Federal Government Slows Marijuana Research |author=Bajaj, V. |work=Taking Note: The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=30 July 2014 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="CheslerGov15">{{cite web |url=https://weedrush.news21.com/government-restrictions-lack-of-funding-slow-progress-on-medical-marijuana-research/ |title=Government restrictions, lack of funding slow progress on medical marijuana research |author=Chesler, J.; Ard, A. |work=News21: America's Weed Rush |publisher=Carnegie Corporation of New York; John S. and James L. Knight Foundation |date=15 August 2015 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="WeissTestimony16">{{cite web |url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/agencies/asl/testimony/2016-09/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids/index.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504180135/https://www.hhs.gov/about/agencies/asl/testimony/2016-09/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids/index.html |title=Testimony from Susan R.B. Weiss, Ph.D. on The State of the Science on the Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana and Cannabinoids before Judiciary Committee |author=Weiss, S.R.B. |work=ASL Testimony |publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services |date=13 July 2016 |archivedate=04 May 2017 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="JosephDEA16">{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/08/10/marijuana-medical-research-dea/ |title=DEA decision keeps major restrictions in place on marijuana research |author=Joseph, A. |work=STAT |publisher=Boston Globe Media |date=10 August 2016 |accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="RudroffMari17">{{cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/marijuana-regulation-blocks-vital-ms-research-544886 |title=Marijuana Regulation Blocks Vital Multiple Sclerosis Research |author=Rudroff, T. |work=Newsweek |publisher=IBT Media, Inc |date=21 January 2017 |accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref>, and promises to expand grow-ops for research have fallen flat.<ref name="GurmanMari18">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401 |title=Marijuana-Research Applications Go Nowhere at Justice Department |author=Gurman, S. |work=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones & Company, Inc |date=08 September 2018 |accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="OrdoñezTrump18">{{cite web |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article221305965.html |title=Trump fired Sessions. Here are four takeaways from the attorney general’s tenure |author=Ordoñez, F.; Kumar, A. |work=Miami Herald |publisher=The McClatchy Company |date=07 November 2018 |accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref> And while the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill legalized hemp cultivation with certain restrictions<ref name="GoodFarm18">{{cite web |url=https://farmpolicynews.illinois.edu/2018/12/farm-bill-signed-snap-proposal-released-and-trade-aid-payments-approved/ |title=Farm Bill Signed, SNAP Proposal Released, and Trade Aid Payments Approved |work=Farm Policy News |author=Good, K. |publisher=Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois |date=20 December 2018 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="HudakTheFarm18">{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2018/12/14/the-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer/ |title=The Farm Bill, hemp legalization and the status of CBD: An explainer |author=Hudak, J. |work=FIXGOV |publisher=The Brookings Institution |date=14 December 2018 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref>, this does little to help researchers who need marijuana for study.


On the state level, the growth, testing, and distribution of cannabis depends on state law, which can vary from state to state. This topic is discussed further in the "Regulation and standardization" section, but here are the key points:
On the state level, the growth, testing, and distribution of cannabis depends on state law, which can vary from state to state. This topic is discussed further in the "Regulation and standardization" section, but here are the key points:

Revision as of 16:26, 9 July 2021

1.3 Cultivation and distribution

At the federal level, marijuana is considered a Schedule I drug and remains illegal.[1][2] (Federal regulation of cannabis is discussed in detail later under "Regulation and standardization.") This doesn't leave a lot of options for researchers and the like. In fact, the only federally-granted grow operation (grow-op) as of this writing is the University of Mississippi, contracted by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) to grow marijuana for approved research studies.[3][4][5][6][7], and promises to expand grow-ops for research have fallen flat.[8][9] And while the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill legalized hemp cultivation with certain restrictions[10][11], this does little to help researchers who need marijuana for study.

On the state level, the growth, testing, and distribution of cannabis depends on state law, which can vary from state to state. This topic is discussed further in the "Regulation and standardization" section, but here are the key points:

  • Federal law allows for hemp production but still makes it illegal to cultivate and distribute marijuana, even in a state that has legalized such activity. However, while there's no legally binding guarantee cultivators and distributors won't be pursued by federal law enforcement, they can limit their chances of such federal enforcement by precisely following state and local law.
  • Despite some of the variances among state laws, one aspect largely remains consistent: it's illegal to distribute marijuana over state lines, even when distributing between two states with similar laws.[12] Hemp (which must contain 0.3 percent or less THC) can be transferred across state lines.
  • Regulations on the personal and commercial cultivation and distribution of marijuana vary significantly from state to state. Some states make a limited pool of available licenses available; others don't offer them or instead have specific alternative treatment or non-profit centers that handle growth and distribution.[13][14][15] As for hemp, cultivation and hemp may similarly be regulated slightly differently depending on whether or not the state developed its own USDA-approved regulatory program.[11]
  1. "§812. Schedules of controlled substances". United States Code. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 3 January 2012. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title21/html/USCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB-sec812.htm. Retrieved 27 January 2017. 
  2. Leger, D.L. (11 August 2016). "Marijuana to remain illegal under federal law, DEA says". USA. Today. Gannett Company. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/08/11/dea-marijuana-remains-illegal-under-federal-law/88550804/. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  3. Bajaj, V. (30 July 2014). "How the Federal Government Slows Marijuana Research". Taking Note: The New York Times. The New York Times Company. https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/30/how-the-federal-government-slows-marijuana-research/. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  4. Chesler, J.; Ard, A. (15 August 2015). "Government restrictions, lack of funding slow progress on medical marijuana research". News21: America's Weed Rush. Carnegie Corporation of New York; John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. https://weedrush.news21.com/government-restrictions-lack-of-funding-slow-progress-on-medical-marijuana-research/. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  5. Weiss, S.R.B. (13 July 2016). "Testimony from Susan R.B. Weiss, Ph.D. on The State of the Science on the Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana and Cannabinoids before Judiciary Committee". ASL Testimony. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from the original on 04 May 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170504180135/https://www.hhs.gov/about/agencies/asl/testimony/2016-09/the-state-of-the-science-on-the-therapeutic-potential-of-marijuana-and-cannabinoids/index.html. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  6. Joseph, A. (10 August 2016). "DEA decision keeps major restrictions in place on marijuana research". STAT. Boston Globe Media. https://www.statnews.com/2016/08/10/marijuana-medical-research-dea/. Retrieved 25 January 2017. 
  7. Rudroff, T. (21 January 2017). "Marijuana Regulation Blocks Vital Multiple Sclerosis Research". Newsweek. IBT Media, Inc. http://www.newsweek.com/marijuana-regulation-blocks-vital-ms-research-544886. Retrieved 25 January 2017. 
  8. Gurman, S. (8 September 2018). "Marijuana-Research Applications Go Nowhere at Justice Department". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. https://www.wsj.com/articles/marijuana-research-applications-go-nowhere-at-justice-department-1536404401. Retrieved 13 November 2018. 
  9. Ordoñez, F.; Kumar, A. (7 November 2018). "Trump fired Sessions. Here are four takeaways from the attorney general’s tenure". Miami Herald. The McClatchy Company. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article221305965.html. Retrieved 13 November 2018. 
  10. Good, K. (20 December 2018). "Farm Bill Signed, SNAP Proposal Released, and Trade Aid Payments Approved". Farm Policy News. Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. https://farmpolicynews.illinois.edu/2018/12/farm-bill-signed-snap-proposal-released-and-trade-aid-payments-approved/. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  11. 11.0 11.1 Hudak, J. (14 December 2018). "The Farm Bill, hemp legalization and the status of CBD: An explainer". FIXGOV. The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2018/12/14/the-farm-bill-hemp-and-cbd-explainer/. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  12. Belville, R. (28 November 2016). "Can I Take Marijuana From One Legal State To Another?". Weed News. WN Media, LLC. http://www.weednews.co/can-i-take-marijuana-from-one-legal-state-to-another/. Retrieved 31 January 2017. 
  13. "Marijuana Business: Licenses, Permits, and Planning". FindLaw. Thomson Reuters. http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/business-laws-and-regulations/marijuana-business-licenses-permits-and-planning.html. Retrieved 31 January 2017. 
  14. "Home Cannabis Cultivation Laws: A State-by-State Guide". Leafly - Cannabis 101. Leafly Holdings, Inc. https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/home-cannabis-cultivation-laws-a-state-by-state-guide. Retrieved 31 January 2017. 
  15. "28 Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC: Laws, Fees, and Possession Limits". ProCon.org. 28 December 2016. http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000881. Retrieved 31 January 2017.