Difference between revisions of "Template:Past, Present, and Future of Cannabis Laboratory Testing and Regulation in the United States/Laboratory testing of cannabis/Methods and guidelines/Terpene testing"

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Identifying and quantifying terpenes is one of the more difficult tasks facing laboratorians<ref name="CassidayTheHighs16">{{cite web |url=https://www.aocs.org/stay-informed/inform-magazine/featured-articles/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016 |title=The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing |author=Cassiday, L. |work=INFORM |publisher=American Oil Chemists' Society |date=October 2016 |accessdate=13 January 2021}}</ref>:
Identifying and quantifying terpenes is one of the more difficult tasks facing laboratorians<ref name="CassidayTheHighs16">{{cite web |url=https://www.aocs.org/stay-informed/inform-magazine/featured-articles/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016 |title=The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing |author=Cassiday, L. |work=INFORM |publisher=American Oil Chemists' Society |date=October 2016 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref>:


<blockquote>Terpenes present an analytical challenge because they are [[Chemical polarity#Nonpolar molecules|nonpolar]] and structurally similar, and many structural [[isomer]]s exist. [[Mass spectrometry]] (MS) cannot distinguish terpenes that co-elute from a GC column because many have the same molecular weight and share fragment ions.</blockquote>
<blockquote>Terpenes present an analytical challenge because they are [[Chemical polarity#Nonpolar molecules|nonpolar]] and structurally similar, and many structural [[isomer]]s exist. [[Mass spectrometry]] (MS) cannot distinguish terpenes that co-elute from a GC column because many have the same molecular weight and share fragment ions.</blockquote>


Of course, types of gas chromatography work; but like cannabinoids, terpenes can degrade with the high heat of gas chromatography.<ref name="AdamsNear16">{{cite web |url=https://www.cannabisindustryjournal.com/column/near-infrared-gc-and-hplc-applications-in-cannabis-testing/ |title=Near Infrared, GC and HPLC Applications in Cannabis Testing |author=Adams, T.; Bertone, M. |work=Cannabis Industry Journal |publisher=Innovative Publishing Co. LLC |date=30 November 2016 |accessdate=15 February 2017}}</ref> Combined with the problems mentioned above, highly specialized gas chromatography processes that include additional steps, such as full evaporation technique headspace gas chromatography flame ionization detection (FET-HS-GC-FID), can be used to produce cleaner results, particularly for volatile components.<ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /> It's less clear if high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used frequently; some entities such as Eurofins Experchem Laboratories claim HPLC works best for them<ref name="AdamsNear16" />, while others such as Restek Corporation claim the method is problematic at best.<ref name="HerringCanHP16">{{cite web |url=https://blog.restek.com/?p=33071 |title=Can HPLC-UV Be Used For Terpenes Analysis In Cannabis? |author=Herring, T. |work=ChromaBLOGraphy |publisher=Restek Corporation |date=29 December 2016 |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref>
Of course, types of gas chromatography work; but like cannabinoids, terpenes can degrade with the high heat of gas chromatography.<ref name="AdamsNear16">{{cite web |url=https://www.cannabisindustryjournal.com/column/near-infrared-gc-and-hplc-applications-in-cannabis-testing/ |title=Near Infrared, GC and HPLC Applications in Cannabis Testing |author=Adams, T.; Bertone, M. |work=Cannabis Industry Journal |publisher=Innovative Publishing Co. LLC |date=30 November 2016 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref> Combined with the problems mentioned above, highly specialized gas chromatography processes that include additional steps, such as full evaporation technique headspace gas chromatography flame ionization detection (FET-HS-GC-FID), can be used to produce cleaner results, particularly for volatile components.<ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /> It's less clear if high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used frequently; some entities such as Eurofins Experchem Laboratories claim HPLC works best for them<ref name="AdamsNear16" />, while others such as Restek Corporation claim the method is problematic at best.<ref name="HerringCanHP16">{{cite web |url=https://blog.restek.com/?p=33071 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412051141/https://blog.restek.com/?p=33071 |title=Can HPLC-UV Be Used For Terpenes Analysis In Cannabis? |author=Herring, T. |work=ChromaBLOGraphy |publisher=Restek Corporation |date=29 December 2016 |archivedate=12 April 2019 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref>


Overall, methods for terpene identification and analysis include<ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="SCLabs">{{cite web |url=http://sclabs.com/terpene-analysis/ |title=Terpene Analysis |publisher=SC Labs, Inc |accessdate=08 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="SCCann16">{{cite web |url=http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Sigma-Aldrich/General_Information/1/cannabis-testing.pdf |format=PDF |title=Cannabis Testing: Quality You Can Trust |publisher=Sigma-Aldritch Co. LLC |date=2016 |accessdate=15 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="HodgsonVacuum18">{{cite journal |title=Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy: A New Tool for Gas Chromatography Analysis of Terpenes in Flavours and Fragrances |journal=LC GC |author=Hodgson, A.; Cochran, J. |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=12–16 |date=12 February 2018 |url=http://www.chromatographyonline.com/vacuum-ultraviolet-spectroscopy-new-tool-gas-chromatography-analysis-terpenes-flavours-and-fragrance}}</ref><ref name="AdamsNear16" /><ref name="ShimadzuCLTS">{{cite web |url=https://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/products/literature/life_science/shimadzu_cannabis_brochure.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327180816/https://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/products/literature/life_science/shimadzu_cannabis_brochure.pdf |format=PDF |title=Cannabis Testing Laboratory Solutions |publisher=Shimadzu Corporation |archivedate=27 March 2016 |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="CEMAnal18">{{cite web |url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=16383 |title=Analyzing Pesticide Residue of Cannabis |author=CEM Corporation |work=AZO Materials |publisher=AZoNetwork |date=25 July 2018 |accessdate=15 November 2018}}</ref>:
Overall, methods for terpene identification and analysis include<ref name="CassidayTheHighs16" /><ref name="SCLabs">{{cite web |url=https://www.sclabs.com/terpene-analysis/ |title=Terpene Analysis |publisher=SC Labs, Inc |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="SCCann16">{{cite web |url=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/documents/116/856/cannabis-testing.pdf |format=PDF |title=Cannabis Testing: Quality You Can Trust |publisher=Sigma-Aldritch Co. LLC |date=2016 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="HodgsonVacuum18">{{cite journal |title=Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy: A New Tool for Gas Chromatography Analysis of Terpenes in Flavours and Fragrances |journal=LC GC |author=Hodgson, A.; Cochran, J. |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=12–16 |date=12 February 2018 |url=https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/vacuum-ultraviolet-spectroscopy-new-tool-gas-chromatography-analysis-terpenes-flavours-and-fragrance}}</ref><ref name="AdamsNear16" /><ref name="ShimadzuCLTS">{{cite web |url=https://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/products/literature/life_science/shimadzu_cannabis_brochure.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327180816/https://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/products/literature/life_science/shimadzu_cannabis_brochure.pdf |format=PDF |title=Cannabis Testing Laboratory Solutions |publisher=Shimadzu Corporation |archivedate=27 March 2016 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="CEMAnal18">{{cite web |url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=16383 |title=Analyzing Pesticide Residue of Cannabis |author=CEM Corporation |work=AZO Materials |publisher=AZoNetwork |date=25 July 2018 |accessdate=07 July 2021}}</ref>:


* Full evaporation technique–headspace–gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (FET-HS-GC-FID; tends to be semi-quantitative)
* Full evaporation technique–headspace–gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (FET-HS-GC-FID; tends to be semi-quantitative)

Revision as of 19:32, 7 July 2021

Identifying and quantifying terpenes is one of the more difficult tasks facing laboratorians[1]:

Terpenes present an analytical challenge because they are nonpolar and structurally similar, and many structural isomers exist. Mass spectrometry (MS) cannot distinguish terpenes that co-elute from a GC column because many have the same molecular weight and share fragment ions.

Of course, types of gas chromatography work; but like cannabinoids, terpenes can degrade with the high heat of gas chromatography.[2] Combined with the problems mentioned above, highly specialized gas chromatography processes that include additional steps, such as full evaporation technique headspace gas chromatography flame ionization detection (FET-HS-GC-FID), can be used to produce cleaner results, particularly for volatile components.[1] It's less clear if high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used frequently; some entities such as Eurofins Experchem Laboratories claim HPLC works best for them[2], while others such as Restek Corporation claim the method is problematic at best.[3]

Overall, methods for terpene identification and analysis include[1][4][5][6][2][7][8]:

  • Full evaporation technique–headspace–gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (FET-HS-GC-FID; tends to be semi-quantitative)
  • Gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC-FID)
  • Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
  • Gas chromatography–vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC-VUV)
  • Headspace–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS)
  • Headspace–solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)
  • High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; may have limitations due to coelution of terpenes and cannabinoids at certain ranges[3])
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cassiday, L. (October 2016). "The Highs and Lows of Cannabis Testing". INFORM. American Oil Chemists' Society. https://www.aocs.org/stay-informed/inform-magazine/featured-articles/the-highs-and-lows-of-cannabis-testing-october-2016. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Adams, T.; Bertone, M. (30 November 2016). "Near Infrared, GC and HPLC Applications in Cannabis Testing". Cannabis Industry Journal. Innovative Publishing Co. LLC. https://www.cannabisindustryjournal.com/column/near-infrared-gc-and-hplc-applications-in-cannabis-testing/. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Herring, T. (29 December 2016). "Can HPLC-UV Be Used For Terpenes Analysis In Cannabis?". ChromaBLOGraphy. Restek Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190412051141/https://blog.restek.com/?p=33071. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  4. ↑ "Terpene Analysis". SC Labs, Inc. https://www.sclabs.com/terpene-analysis/. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  5. ↑ "Cannabis Testing: Quality You Can Trust" (PDF). Sigma-Aldritch Co. LLC. 2016. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/documents/116/856/cannabis-testing.pdf. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  6. ↑ Hodgson, A.; Cochran, J. (12 February 2018). "Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy: A New Tool for Gas Chromatography Analysis of Terpenes in Flavours and Fragrances". LC GC 14 (2): 12–16. https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/vacuum-ultraviolet-spectroscopy-new-tool-gas-chromatography-analysis-terpenes-flavours-and-fragrance. 
  7. ↑ "Cannabis Testing Laboratory Solutions" (PDF). Shimadzu Corporation. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160327180816/https://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/products/literature/life_science/shimadzu_cannabis_brochure.pdf. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
  8. ↑ CEM Corporation (25 July 2018). "Analyzing Pesticide Residue of Cannabis". AZO Materials. AZoNetwork. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=16383. Retrieved 07 July 2021. 
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