Journal:Essential oil of Cannabis sativa L: Comparison of yield and chemical composition of 11 hemp genotypes

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Full article title Essential oil of Cannabis sativa L: Comparison of yield and chemical composition of 11 hemp genotypes
Journal Molecules
Author(s) Pieracci, Yienia; Ascrizzi, R.; Terreni, Valentina; Pistelli, Luisa; Flamini, Guido; Bassolino, Laura; Fulvio, Flavia; Montanari, Massimo; Paris, Roberta
Author affiliation(s) University of Pisa, CREA – Cereal and Industrial Crop Research Centre, University of Foggia
Primary contact Email: roberta dot ascrizzi at gmail dot com
Year published 2021
Volume and issue 26(13)
Article # 4080
DOI 10.3390/molecules26134080
ISSN 1420-3049
Distribution license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Website https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/13/4080/htm
Download https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/13/4080/pdf (PDF)

Abstract

Cannabis sativa L. is an annual species cultivated since antiquity for different purposes. While in the past hemp inflorescences were considered crop residues, at present they are regarded as valuable raw materials with different applications, among which extraction of the essential oil (EO) has gained increasing interest in many fields. The aim of the present study is the evaluation of the yield and the chemical composition of the EO obtained by hydrodistillation from 11 hemp genotypes, cultivated in the same location for two consecutive growing seasons. The composition of the EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. Sesquiterpenes represented the main class of compounds in all the EOs, both in their hydrocarbon and oxygenated forms, with relative abundances ranging from 47.1 to 78.5%; the only exception was the Felina 32 sample collected in 2019, in which cannabinoids predominated. Cannabinoids were the second most abundant class of compounds, of which cannabidiol was the main one, with relative abundances between 11.8 and 51.5%. The statistical distribution of the samples, performed on the complete chemical composition of the EOs, evidenced a partition based on the year of cultivation, rather than on the genotype, with the exception of Uso-31. Regarding the extraction yield, a significant variation was evidenced among both the genotypes and the years of cultivation.

Keywords: monoecious, dioecious, by-products, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, cannabinoids, flowering behavior, cannabidiol

Introduction

Cannabis sativa L. is an annual herb belonging to the Cannabaceae family, which has been cultivated since antiquity as a source of fiber, seed oil, food, and medicine, as well as for recreational and religious purposes.[1] It has evolved as a dioecious species, with female and male flowers on different individuals, but selection processes have led to the development of monoecious genotypes that bare male and female flowers on the same individual. Thus, depending on the intended use, the morphology of the plants varies significantly between genotypes in terms of height, biomass, and seed yield.[1][2]

The female inflorescences and leaves of the Cannabis plant are covered in glandular trichomes, which are considered biofactories of phytochemicals[3] due to their ability to synthesize and store different secondary metabolites, of which phytocannabinoids are the best known and studied.[4] On the basis of their cannabinoid content, in particular of their cannabidiol (CBD)/tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) ratio, Cannabis sativa L. genotypes are divided into five distinguished chemical phenotypes: (i) chemotype I, or drug-type (with the predominant cannabinoid being THC); (ii) chemotype II, or intermediate-type (with the predominant cannabinoids being CBD and THC); (iii) chemotype III or fiber-type (with the predominant cannabinoid being CBD); chemotype IV (with a prevalence of [[cannabigerol] [CBG]); and chemotype V, classifying materials with undetectable amounts of any cannabinoid.[5][6]

Since 2001, when the regulatory European Commission (E.C.) No. 2860/2000 entered into force, the European Union (E.U.) authorized the cultivation of hemp complying with the 0.2% w/w Δ9-THC threshold.[7] As a consequence, hemp cultivation for fiber and seed production was resumed, and more attention was paid to agro-industrial waste of the hemp chain, among which inflorescences, as valuable sources of bioactive molecules to feed the pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and manufacturing industries, in the perspective of the sustainable circular economy. In recent years, the extraction of hemp-based essential oil (EO) has gained increasing interest as a value-added product[8], thanks to its various fields of application.[9] Hemp EO showed its best outcomes as an environmentally friendly insecticide against aphids, housefly populations, and mosquitoes[10], as a noteworthy toxic effect against Aedes albopictus is reported. Moreover, it exerts positive toxic activity towards the snail Physella acuta, an intermediate host of nematode and trematode human parasites, as well as being a common disease for rice fields.[11] In the agricultural field, hemp EO exhibits strong allelopathic activity against invasive weed germination, as well as seedling growth.[12] Interestingly, EOs were reported to be effective against dermatophyte species, thus exerting a role in preventing skin disorders.[13] Moreover, its use as a beverage flavoring agent has been reported.[9]

Essential oil from Cannabis is a complex mixture of volatile compounds made up of more than 100 terpenes and terpenoids (the oxygen-containing terpenes), known as the major contributors of the peculiar aromatic profile of different Cannabis strains.[14][15][16] Monoterpenes (10 C) and sesquiterpenes (15 C) constitute the largest content of the hemp essential oil, in both their hydrocarbon and oxygenated forms[17][18], followed by diterpenes (20 C). Almost every compound identified in the EO has its own characteristic fragrance, and their combination is responsible for the unique aromatic bouquet of different strains[19], which can influence consumers’ preferences; generally, hemp varieties with high percentages of monoterpenes are considered more pleasant than those with high percentages of sesquiterpenes.[20] Several factors, such as genotype, flowering behavior (dioecy or monoecy), cultivation technique, plant density, stage of development at harvest, material processing, and storage conditions can influence the composition of hemp EO (chemical profile) and its extraction yield.[19][21][22][23][24] Monoterpenes could be present in higher quantities in the fresh material, while drying and storage could determine their loss, leading to the increment of the relative portion of sesquiterpenes. Environmental[8][21] and weather conditions also seem to be an important factor for both the EO composition and yield; indeed, dry conditions between flowering stage and seed maturity can prevent trichome damage and EO yield losses.[22]


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Notes

This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.