Difference between revisions of "Journal:Essential oil of Cannabis sativa L: Comparison of yield and chemical composition of 11 hemp genotypes"

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[[Cannabis sativa|''Cannabis sativa'' L.]] is an annual herb belonging to the [[Cannabaceae]] family, which has been [[Cannabis cultivation|cultivated]] since antiquity as a source of fiber, seed oil, food, and [[Cannabis (drug)|medicine]], as well as for recreational and religious purposes.<ref name="BoniniCanna18">{{cite journal |title=''Cannabis sativa'': A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a medicinal plant with a long history |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |author=Bonini, S.A.; Premoli, M.; Tambaro, S. et al. |volume=227 |pages=300–15 |year=2018 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.004}}</ref> It has evolved as a [[Dioecy|dioecious]] species, with female and male flowers on different individuals, but selection processes have led to the development of monoecious genotypes that bare male and female flowers on the same individual. Thus, depending on the intended use, the morphology of the plants varies significantly between genotypes in terms of height, biomass, and seed yield.<ref name="BoniniCanna18" /><ref name="ChandraCanna17">{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 3: ''Cannabis sativa'' L.: Botany and Horticulture |title=''Cannabis sativa'' L. - Botany and Biotechnology |author=Chandra, S.; Lata, H.; Khan, I.A. et al. |editor=Chandra, S.; Lata, H.; ElSohly, M.A. |publisher=Springer |pages=79–100 |year=2017 |isbn=9783319545646}}</ref>
[[Cannabis sativa|''Cannabis sativa'' L.]] is an annual herb belonging to the [[Cannabaceae]] family, which has been [[Cannabis cultivation|cultivated]] since antiquity as a source of fiber, seed oil, food, and [[Cannabis (drug)|medicine]], as well as for recreational and religious purposes.<ref name="BoniniCanna18">{{cite journal |title=''Cannabis sativa'': A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a medicinal plant with a long history |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |author=Bonini, S.A.; Premoli, M.; Tambaro, S. et al. |volume=227 |pages=300–15 |year=2018 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.004}}</ref> It has evolved as a [[Dioecy|dioecious]] species, with female and male flowers on different individuals, but selection processes have led to the development of monoecious genotypes that bare male and female flowers on the same individual. Thus, depending on the intended use, the morphology of the plants varies significantly between genotypes in terms of height, biomass, and seed yield.<ref name="BoniniCanna18" /><ref name="ChandraCanna17">{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 3: ''Cannabis sativa'' L.: Botany and Horticulture |title=''Cannabis sativa'' L. - Botany and Biotechnology |author=Chandra, S.; Lata, H.; Khan, I.A. et al. |editor=Chandra, S.; Lata, H.; ElSohly, M.A. |publisher=Springer |pages=79–100 |year=2017 |isbn=9783319545646}}</ref>


The female inflorescences and leaves of the ''Cannabis'' plant are covered in glandular [[trichome]]s, which are considered biofactories of [[phytochemical]]s<ref name="PollioTheName16">{{cite journal |title=The Name of ''Cannabis'': A Short Guide for Nonbotanists |journal=Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research |author=Pollio, A. |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=234–38 |year=2016 |doi=10.1089/can.2016.0027 |pmid=28861494 |pmc=PMC5531363}}</ref> due to their ability to synthesize and store different secondary metabolites, of which phytocannabinoids are the best known and studied.<ref name="Flores-SanchezSecond08">{{cite journal |title=Secondary metabolism in cannabis |journal=Phytochemistry Reviews |author=Flores-Sanchez, I.J.; Verpoorte, R. |volume=7 |pages=615–39 |year=2008 |doi=10.1007/s11101-008-9094-4}}</ref> On the basis of their [[cannabinoid]] content, in particular of their [[cannabidiol]] (CBD)/[[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) ratio, ''Cannabis sativa'' L. genotypes are divided into five distinguished chemical phenotypes: (i) chemotype I, or drug-type (with the predominant cannabinoid being THC); (ii) chemotype II, or intermediate-type (with the predominant cannabinoids being CBD and THC); (iii) chemotype III or fiber-type (with the predominant cannabinoid being CBD); chemotype IV (with a prevalence of [[cannabigerol] [CBG]); and chemotype V, classifying materials with undetectable amounts of any cannabinoid.<ref name="FernandezDist19">{{cite journal |title=Distribution of Chemical Phenotypes (Chemotypes) in European Agricultural Hemp (''Cannabis sativa'' L.) Cultivars |journal=Journal of Forensic Sciences |author=Fernandez, E.B.; Peterseil, V.; Menges, S. et al. |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=715–21 |year=2020 |doi=10.1111/1556-4029.14242}}</ref><ref name="MandolinoPotent04">{{cite journal |title=Potential of marker-assisted selection in hemp genetic improvement |journal=Euphytica |author=Mandolino, G.; Carboni, A. |volume=140 |pages=107–20 |year=2004 |doi=10.1007/s10681-004-4759-6}}</ref>


Since 2001, when the regulatory European Commission (E.C.) No. 2860/2000 entered into force, the European Union (E.U.) authorized the cultivation of [[hemp]] complying with the 0.2% w/w Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC threshold.<ref name="ECCommission00">{{cite web |url=https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/3700d4bc-0c60-4f10-a329-b41db5b3e57c/language-en |title=Commission Regulation (EC) No 2860/2000 of 27 December 2000 amending Regulation (EC) No 2316/1999 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 1251/1999 establishing a support system for producers of certain arable crops, to include flax and hemp grown for fibre, specifying the rules on set-aside areas and amending the base areas for Greece and Portugal |author=European Commission |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |date=27 December 2020}}</ref> As a consequence, hemp cultivation for fiber and seed production was resumed, and more attention was paid to agro-industrial waste of the hemp chain, among which [[inflorescence]]s, as valuable sources of bioactive molecules to feed the pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and manufacturing industries, in the perspective of the sustainable circular economy. In recent years, the extraction of hemp-based [[Cannabis concentrate|essential oil]] (EO) has gained increasing interest as a value-added product<ref name="AscrizziValor19">{{cite journal |title=Valorisation of hemp inflorescence after seed harvest: Cultivation site and harvest time influence agronomic characteristics and essential oil yield and composition |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |author=Ascrizzi, R.; Ceccarini, L.; Tavarini, S. |volume=139 |at=111541 |year=2019 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111541}}</ref>, thanks to its various fields of application.<ref name="AscrizziHemp20">{{cite journal |title=“Hemping” the drinks: Aromatizing alcoholic beverages with a blend of ''Cannabis sativa'' L. flowers |journal=Food Chemistry |author=Ascrizzi, R.; Iannone, M.; Cinque, G. et al. |volume=325 |at=126909 |year=2020 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126909}}</ref> Hemp EO showed its best outcomes as an environmentally friendly insecticide against aphids, housefly populations, and mosquitoes<ref name="BenelliTheEssent18">{{cite journal |title=The essential oil from industrial hemp (''Cannabis sativa'' L.) by-products as an effective tool for insect pest management in organic crops |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |author=Benelli, G.; Pavela, R.; Petrelli, R. et al. |volume=122 |pages=308-315 |year=2018 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.032}}</ref>, as a noteworthy toxic effect against ''Aedes albopictus'' is reported. Moreover, it exerts positive toxic activity towards the snail ''Physella acuta'', an intermediate host of nematode and trematode human parasites, as well as being a common disease for rice fields.<ref name="BediniCanna16">{{cite journal |title=''Cannabis sativa'' and ''Humulus lupulus'' essential oils as novel control tools against the invasive mosquito ''Aedes albopictus'' and fresh water snail ''Physella acuta'' |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |author=Bedini, S.; Flamini, G.; Cosci, F. et al. |volume=85 |pages=318-323 |year=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.008}}</ref> In the agricultural field, hemp EO exhibits strong [[Allelopathy|allelopathic]] activity against invasive weed germination, as well as seedling growth.<ref name="AgnieszkaPhyto16">{{cite journal |title=Phytotoxic Effect of Fiber Hemp Essential Oil on Germination of Some Weeds and Crops |journal=Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants |author=Agnieszka, S.; Magdalena, R.; Jan, B. et al. |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=262–76 |year=2016 |doi=10.1080/0972060X.2015.1137236}}</ref> Interestingly, EOs were reported to be effective against [[dermatophyte]] species, thus exerting a role in preventing skin disorders.<ref name="OrlandoComp21">{{cite journal |title=Comparative Investigation of Composition, Antifungal, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Essential Oil from Three Industrial Hemp Varieties from Italian Cultivation |journal=Antibiotics |author=Orlando, G.; Adorisio, S.; Delfino, D. et al. |volume=10 |issue=3 |at=334 |year=2021 |doi=10.3390/antibiotics10030334}}</ref> Moreover, its use as a beverage flavoring agent has been reported.<ref name="AscrizziHemp20" />





Revision as of 18:23, 25 July 2021

Full article title Essential oil of Cannabis sativa L: Comparison of yield and chemical composition of 11 hemp genotypes
Journal Molecules
Author(s) Pieracci, Yienia; Ascrizzi, R.; Terreni, Valentina; Pistelli, Luisa; Flamini, Guido; Bassolino, Laura; Fulvio, Flavia; Montanari, Massimo; Paris, Roberta
Author affiliation(s) University of Pisa, CREA – Cereal and Industrial Crop Research Centre, University of Foggia
Primary contact Email: roberta dot ascrizzi at gmail dot com
Year published 2021
Volume and issue 26(13)
Article # 4080
DOI 10.3390/molecules26134080
ISSN 1420-3049
Distribution license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Website https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/13/4080/htm
Download https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/13/4080/pdf (PDF)

Abstract

Cannabis sativa L. is an annual species cultivated since antiquity for different purposes. While in the past hemp inflorescences were considered crop residues, at present they are regarded as valuable raw materials with different applications, among which extraction of the essential oil (EO) has gained increasing interest in many fields. The aim of the present study is the evaluation of the yield and the chemical composition of the EO obtained by hydrodistillation from 11 hemp genotypes, cultivated in the same location for two consecutive growing seasons. The composition of the EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. Sesquiterpenes represented the main class of compounds in all the EOs, both in their hydrocarbon and oxygenated forms, with relative abundances ranging from 47.1 to 78.5%; the only exception was the Felina 32 sample collected in 2019, in which cannabinoids predominated. Cannabinoids were the second most abundant class of compounds, of which cannabidiol was the main one, with relative abundances between 11.8 and 51.5%. The statistical distribution of the samples, performed on the complete chemical composition of the EOs, evidenced a partition based on the year of cultivation, rather than on the genotype, with the exception of Uso-31. Regarding the extraction yield, a significant variation was evidenced among both the genotypes and the years of cultivation.

Keywords: monoecious, dioecious, by-products, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, cannabinoids, flowering behavior, cannabidiol

Introduction

Cannabis sativa L. is an annual herb belonging to the Cannabaceae family, which has been cultivated since antiquity as a source of fiber, seed oil, food, and medicine, as well as for recreational and religious purposes.[1] It has evolved as a dioecious species, with female and male flowers on different individuals, but selection processes have led to the development of monoecious genotypes that bare male and female flowers on the same individual. Thus, depending on the intended use, the morphology of the plants varies significantly between genotypes in terms of height, biomass, and seed yield.[1][2]

The female inflorescences and leaves of the Cannabis plant are covered in glandular trichomes, which are considered biofactories of phytochemicals[3] due to their ability to synthesize and store different secondary metabolites, of which phytocannabinoids are the best known and studied.[4] On the basis of their cannabinoid content, in particular of their cannabidiol (CBD)/tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) ratio, Cannabis sativa L. genotypes are divided into five distinguished chemical phenotypes: (i) chemotype I, or drug-type (with the predominant cannabinoid being THC); (ii) chemotype II, or intermediate-type (with the predominant cannabinoids being CBD and THC); (iii) chemotype III or fiber-type (with the predominant cannabinoid being CBD); chemotype IV (with a prevalence of [[cannabigerol] [CBG]); and chemotype V, classifying materials with undetectable amounts of any cannabinoid.[5][6]

Since 2001, when the regulatory European Commission (E.C.) No. 2860/2000 entered into force, the European Union (E.U.) authorized the cultivation of hemp complying with the 0.2% w/w Δ9-THC threshold.[7] As a consequence, hemp cultivation for fiber and seed production was resumed, and more attention was paid to agro-industrial waste of the hemp chain, among which inflorescences, as valuable sources of bioactive molecules to feed the pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and manufacturing industries, in the perspective of the sustainable circular economy. In recent years, the extraction of hemp-based essential oil (EO) has gained increasing interest as a value-added product[8], thanks to its various fields of application.[9] Hemp EO showed its best outcomes as an environmentally friendly insecticide against aphids, housefly populations, and mosquitoes[10], as a noteworthy toxic effect against Aedes albopictus is reported. Moreover, it exerts positive toxic activity towards the snail Physella acuta, an intermediate host of nematode and trematode human parasites, as well as being a common disease for rice fields.[11] In the agricultural field, hemp EO exhibits strong allelopathic activity against invasive weed germination, as well as seedling growth.[12] Interestingly, EOs were reported to be effective against dermatophyte species, thus exerting a role in preventing skin disorders.[13] Moreover, its use as a beverage flavoring agent has been reported.[9]


References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Bonini, S.A.; Premoli, M.; Tambaro, S. et al. (2018). "Cannabis sativa: A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a medicinal plant with a long history". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 227: 300–15. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.004. 
  2. Chandra, S.; Lata, H.; Khan, I.A. et al. (2017). "Chapter 3: Cannabis sativa L.: Botany and Horticulture". In Chandra, S.; Lata, H.; ElSohly, M.A.. Cannabis sativa L. - Botany and Biotechnology. Springer. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9783319545646. 
  3. Pollio, A. (2016). "The Name of Cannabis: A Short Guide for Nonbotanists". Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 1 (1): 234–38. doi:10.1089/can.2016.0027. PMC PMC5531363. PMID 28861494. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5531363. 
  4. Flores-Sanchez, I.J.; Verpoorte, R. (2008). "Secondary metabolism in cannabis". Phytochemistry Reviews 7: 615–39. doi:10.1007/s11101-008-9094-4. 
  5. Fernandez, E.B.; Peterseil, V.; Menges, S. et al. (2020). "Distribution of Chemical Phenotypes (Chemotypes) in European Agricultural Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivars". Journal of Forensic Sciences 65 (3): 715–21. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14242. 
  6. Mandolino, G.; Carboni, A. (2004). "Potential of marker-assisted selection in hemp genetic improvement". Euphytica 140: 107–20. doi:10.1007/s10681-004-4759-6. 
  7. European Commission (27 December 2020). "Commission Regulation (EC) No 2860/2000 of 27 December 2000 amending Regulation (EC) No 2316/1999 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 1251/1999 establishing a support system for producers of certain arable crops, to include flax and hemp grown for fibre, specifying the rules on set-aside areas and amending the base areas for Greece and Portugal". Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/3700d4bc-0c60-4f10-a329-b41db5b3e57c/language-en. 
  8. Ascrizzi, R.; Ceccarini, L.; Tavarini, S. (2019). "Valorisation of hemp inflorescence after seed harvest: Cultivation site and harvest time influence agronomic characteristics and essential oil yield and composition". Industrial Crops and Products 139: 111541. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111541. 
  9. 9.0 9.1 Ascrizzi, R.; Iannone, M.; Cinque, G. et al. (2020). "“Hemping” the drinks: Aromatizing alcoholic beverages with a blend of Cannabis sativa L. flowers". Food Chemistry 325: 126909. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126909. 
  10. Benelli, G.; Pavela, R.; Petrelli, R. et al. (2018). "The essential oil from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) by-products as an effective tool for insect pest management in organic crops". Industrial Crops and Products 122: 308-315. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.032. 
  11. Bedini, S.; Flamini, G.; Cosci, F. et al. (2016). "Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus essential oils as novel control tools against the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus and fresh water snail Physella acuta". Industrial Crops and Products 85: 318-323. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.008. 
  12. Agnieszka, S.; Magdalena, R.; Jan, B. et al. (2016). "Phytotoxic Effect of Fiber Hemp Essential Oil on Germination of Some Weeds and Crops". Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 19 (2): 262–76. doi:10.1080/0972060X.2015.1137236. 
  13. Orlando, G.; Adorisio, S.; Delfino, D. et al. (2021). "Comparative Investigation of Composition, Antifungal, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Essential Oil from Three Industrial Hemp Varieties from Italian Cultivation". Antibiotics 10 (3): 334. doi:10.3390/antibiotics10030334. 

Notes

This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.