Difference between revisions of "Journal:Differentiating cannabis products: Drugs, food, and supplements"

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==Abstract==
==Abstract==
"[[Hemp]]" refers to non-intoxicating, low [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol]] (Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC) [[cultivar]]s of [[Cannabis sativa|''Cannabis sativa'' L]]. "[[Cannabis (drug)|Marijuana]]" refers to cultivars with high levels of Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC, the primary psychoactive cannabinoid found in the plant and a federally controlled substance used for both recreational and therapeutic purposes. Although marijuana and hemp belong to the same genus and species, they differ in terms of chemical and genetic composition, production practices, product uses, and regulatory status. Hemp seed and hemp seed oil have been shown to have valuable nutritional capacity. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid with a wide therapeutic index and acceptable side effect profile, has demonstrated high medicinal potential in some conditions. Several countries and states have facilitated the use of THC-dominant medical cannabis for certain conditions, while other countries continue to ban all forms of cannabis regardless of cannabinoid profile or low psychoactive potential. Today, differentiating between hemp and marijuana in the laboratory is no longer a difficult process. Certain thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods can rapidly screen for cannabinoids, and several gas and liquid chromatography techniques have been developed for precise quantification of phytocannabinoids in plant extracts and biological samples. Geographic regulations and testing guidelines for cannabis continue to evolve. As they are improved and clarified, we can better employ the appropriate applications of this uniquely versatile plant from an informed scientific perspective.
"[[Hemp]]" refers to non-intoxicating, low [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol]] (Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC) [[cultivar]]s of [[Cannabis sativa|''Cannabis sativa'' L.]] "[[Cannabis (drug)|Marijuana]]" refers to cultivars with high levels of Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC, the primary [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] [[cannabinoid]] found in the plant and a federally controlled substance used for both recreational and therapeutic purposes. Although marijuana and hemp belong to the same genus and species, they differ in terms of chemical and genetic composition, production practices, product uses, and [[Regulatory compliance|regulatory status]]. Hemp seed and hemp seed oil have been shown to have valuable nutritional capacity. [[Cannabidiol]] (CBD), a non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid with a wide therapeutic index and acceptable side effect profile, has demonstrated high medicinal potential in some conditions. Several countries and states have facilitated the use of THC-dominant medical cannabis for certain conditions, while other countries continue to ban all forms of cannabis regardless of cannabinoid profile or low psychoactive potential.  
 
Today, differentiating between hemp and marijuana in the [[laboratory]] is no longer a difficult process. Certain [[thin-layer chromatography]] (TLC) methods can rapidly screen for cannabinoids, and several [[Gas chromatography|gas]] and [[Chromatography#Liquid chromatography|liquid chromatography]] techniques have been developed for precise quantification of phytocannabinoids in plant extracts and biological [[Sample (material)|samples]]. Geographic regulations and testing guidelines for cannabis continue to evolve. As they are improved and clarified, we can better employ the appropriate applications of this uniquely versatile plant from an informed scientific perspective.


'''Keywords''': cannabis, cannabidiol, CBD, hemp, marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol, THC
'''Keywords''': cannabis, cannabidiol, CBD, hemp, marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol, THC
==Introduction==
[[Cannabis sativa|''Cannabis sativa'' L.]] is a member of the [[Cannabaceae]] family, a small family of annual herbaceous plants that includes the widely cultivated genus, Humulus (hops), and eight other genera. [Jin et al., 2019] The terms "[[hemp]]" and "[[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]" both refer to plants derived from the ''Cannabis sativa'' L. species, but from different [[cultivar]]s or [[chemotype]]s having either low or high [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol]] (Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC) content, respectively. The general term "[[cannabis]]" includes both hemp and marijuana types of plants. [Johnson, 2019] Cannabis has been utilized by several populations for millennia. Central and southeast Asia are considered plausible origins. [Steven et al., 2016] It has been claimed that the application of the herb for various purposes dates to 12,000 years ago based on Neolithic evidence found in Taiwan. [Li, 1974] Hemp is reputed to be the oldest cultivated fiber plant [Cherney and Small, 2016], and hemp seed and seed oil have historically been used as food. [Farinon et al., 2020] Marijuana has long been utilized for recreational as well as medical purposes. [Piluzza et al., 2013] The oldest report of the medical use of cannabis dates to 5,000 years ago when it was used for the treatment of fatigue, rheumatism, and malaria. [Abel, 2013] The Assyrians, Egyptians, Indians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans are all reported to have used cannabis for medical purposes. [Leghissa et al., 2018a]
Classifications for different cannabis species continues to be a highly debated topic amongst taxonomists and [[Botany|botanists]]. [Sawler 2015] Although some experts recognize three different species of ''Cannabis''—''C. sativa'', [[Cannabis indica|''C. indica'']], and [[Cannabis ruderalis|''C. ruderalis'']] (Pollio, 2016)—and other experts only one monospecific species (''C. sativa'' L.) with two subspecies (subsp. ''sativa'' and subsp. ''indica'' [Lam.]) [Small and Cronquist, 1976, UNODC.org], neither of these nomenclature systems accurately reflects the diversity and complexity of modern cannabis plants. Because cannabis species have been [[Cannabis cultivation|cultivated]] globally over many years to exhibit nearly indistinguishable [[phenotype]]s with overlapping genotypes, ''Cannabis sativa'' L. varieties are now most accurately identified by cultivar or chemotype, including specific cannabinoid profiling, and even subtyping. [Sarma et al., 2020] (Recently proposed suggestions for chemotyping will be discussed later in this article.)





Revision as of 16:03, 7 January 2023

Full article title Differentiating cannabis products: Drugs, food, and supplements
Journal Frontiers in Pharmacology
Author(s) Salehi, Arash; Puchalski, Keely; Shokoohinia, Yalda; Zolfaghari, Behzad; Asgary, Sedigheh
Author affiliation(s) Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine
Primary contact Email: sedighehasgary at gmail dot com
Editors Lupica, Carl R.
Year published 2022
Volume and issue 13
Article # 906038
DOI 10.3389/fphar.2022.906038
ISSN 1663-9812
Distribution license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Website https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.906038/full
Download https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.906038/pdf (PDF)

Abstract

"Hemp" refers to non-intoxicating, low delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol9-THC) cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. "Marijuana" refers to cultivars with high levels of Δ9-THC, the primary psychoactive cannabinoid found in the plant and a federally controlled substance used for both recreational and therapeutic purposes. Although marijuana and hemp belong to the same genus and species, they differ in terms of chemical and genetic composition, production practices, product uses, and regulatory status. Hemp seed and hemp seed oil have been shown to have valuable nutritional capacity. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid with a wide therapeutic index and acceptable side effect profile, has demonstrated high medicinal potential in some conditions. Several countries and states have facilitated the use of THC-dominant medical cannabis for certain conditions, while other countries continue to ban all forms of cannabis regardless of cannabinoid profile or low psychoactive potential.

Today, differentiating between hemp and marijuana in the laboratory is no longer a difficult process. Certain thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods can rapidly screen for cannabinoids, and several gas and liquid chromatography techniques have been developed for precise quantification of phytocannabinoids in plant extracts and biological samples. Geographic regulations and testing guidelines for cannabis continue to evolve. As they are improved and clarified, we can better employ the appropriate applications of this uniquely versatile plant from an informed scientific perspective.

Keywords: cannabis, cannabidiol, CBD, hemp, marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol, THC

Introduction

Cannabis sativa L. is a member of the Cannabaceae family, a small family of annual herbaceous plants that includes the widely cultivated genus, Humulus (hops), and eight other genera. [Jin et al., 2019] The terms "hemp" and "marijuana" both refer to plants derived from the Cannabis sativa L. species, but from different cultivars or chemotypes having either low or high delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol9-THC) content, respectively. The general term "cannabis" includes both hemp and marijuana types of plants. [Johnson, 2019] Cannabis has been utilized by several populations for millennia. Central and southeast Asia are considered plausible origins. [Steven et al., 2016] It has been claimed that the application of the herb for various purposes dates to 12,000 years ago based on Neolithic evidence found in Taiwan. [Li, 1974] Hemp is reputed to be the oldest cultivated fiber plant [Cherney and Small, 2016], and hemp seed and seed oil have historically been used as food. [Farinon et al., 2020] Marijuana has long been utilized for recreational as well as medical purposes. [Piluzza et al., 2013] The oldest report of the medical use of cannabis dates to 5,000 years ago when it was used for the treatment of fatigue, rheumatism, and malaria. [Abel, 2013] The Assyrians, Egyptians, Indians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans are all reported to have used cannabis for medical purposes. [Leghissa et al., 2018a]

Classifications for different cannabis species continues to be a highly debated topic amongst taxonomists and botanists. [Sawler 2015] Although some experts recognize three different species of CannabisC. sativa, C. indica, and C. ruderalis (Pollio, 2016)—and other experts only one monospecific species (C. sativa L.) with two subspecies (subsp. sativa and subsp. indica [Lam.]) [Small and Cronquist, 1976, UNODC.org], neither of these nomenclature systems accurately reflects the diversity and complexity of modern cannabis plants. Because cannabis species have been cultivated globally over many years to exhibit nearly indistinguishable phenotypes with overlapping genotypes, Cannabis sativa L. varieties are now most accurately identified by cultivar or chemotype, including specific cannabinoid profiling, and even subtyping. [Sarma et al., 2020] (Recently proposed suggestions for chemotyping will be discussed later in this article.)




References

Notes

This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.