Journal:Development of a gas-chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of cannabinoids and terpenes in hemp

From CannaQAWiki
Revision as of 22:43, 10 January 2021 by Shawndouglas (talk | contribs) (Saving and adding more.)
Jump to navigationJump to search
Full article title Development of a gas-chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of cannabinoids and terpenes in hemp
Journal Molecules
Author(s) Zekič, Jure; Križman, Mitja
Author affiliation(s) National Institute of Chemistry - Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana
Primary contact Email: mitja dot krizman at ki dot si
Year published 2020
Volume and issue 25(24)
Article # 5872
DOI 10.3390/molecules25245872
ISSN 1420-3049
Distribution license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Website https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/24/5872/htm
Download https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/24/5872/pdf (PDF)

Abstract

An original gas-chromatographic method has been developed for simultaneous determination of major terpenes and cannabinoids in plant samples and their extracts. The main issues to be addressed were not only the large differences in polarity and volatility between both groups of analytes, but also the need for an exhaustive decarboxylation of cannabinoid acidic forms. Sample preparation was minimized by avoiding any analyte derivatization. Acetone was found to be the most appropriate extraction solvent. Successful chromatographic separation was achieved by using a medium-polarity column. Limits of detection ranged from 120 to 260 ng/mL for terpenes and from 660 to 860 ng/mL for cannabinoids. Parallel testing proved the results for cannabinoids are comparable to those obtained from established high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. Despite very large differences in concentrations between both analyte groups, a linear range between 1 and 100 µg/mL for terpenes and between 10 and 1500 µg/mL for cannabinoids was determined.

Keywords: cannabinoids, terpenes, cannabis, hemp, gas chromatography, capillary column

Introduction

The hemp plant (Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica), or simply Cannabis, is a plant that has elicited much interest throughout history because of its characteristics and various possibilities of use. Over the last few years, the popularity of the Cannabis plant and its constituents has particularly increased, and a widespread recognition of its usefulness, including for medical purposes, is becoming increasingly noticeable.[1][2][3][4][5] Hemp is known to contain various groups of compounds, probably the most characteristic among them being cannabinoids. Furthermore, cannabis also contains a diverse array of terpenes and flavonoids, as well as other groups of compounds.[6][7][8][9]

Cannabinoids are probably the most studied metabolites of cannabis. Many of their beneficial effects on human health are already known, and there is also a lot of ongoing research, discovering new ones. [10] As a result, the use of cannabinoids in a wide variety of preparations is growing, which is also reflected in increased cannabis production. At the same time, a need for an efficient, routine analytical method for monitoring the cannabinoid content in plant material has arisen. A number of methods for the analysis of cannabinoids in cannabis have indeed already been developed; among various approaches, the predominant is chromatographic analysis, in particular using gas chromatography (GC)[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).[15]


[19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]


References

  1. Abuhasira, R.; Shbiro, L.; Landschaft, Y. (2018). "Medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids containing products - Regulations in Europe and North America". European Journal of Internal Medicine 49: 2–6. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.001. PMID 29329891. 
  2. Hutchison, K.E.; Bidwell, L.C.; Ellingson, J.M. et al. (2019). "Cannabis and Health Research: Rapid Progress Requires Innovative Research Designs". Value in Health 22 (11): 1289–94. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2019.05.005. PMID 31708066. 
  3. Beauchet, O. (2018). "Medical cannabis use in older patients: Update on medical knowledge". Maturitas 118: 56–9. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.10.010. PMID 30415756. 
  4. Ebbert, J.O.; Scharf, E.L.; Hurt, R.T. (2018). "Medical Cannabis". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 93: 1842–47. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.09.005. PMID 30522595. 
  5. Blasco-Benito, S.; Seijo-Vila, M.; Caro-Villalobos, M. et al. (2018). "Appraising the "entourage effect": Antitumor action of a pure cannabinoid versus a botanical drug preparation in preclinical models of breast cancer". Biochemical Pharmacology 157: 285–93. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.025. PMID 29940172. 
  6. Booth, J.K.; Bohlmann, J. (2019). "Terpenes in Cannabis sativa - From plant genome to humans". Plant Science 284: 67–72. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. PMID 31084880. 
  7. Namdar, D.; Mazuz, M.; Ion, A. et al. (2018). "Variation in the compositions of cannabinoid and terpenoids in Cannabis sativa derived from inflorescence position along the stem and extraction methods". Industrial Crops and Products 113: 376–82. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.01.060. 
  8. Delgado-Povedano, M.M.; Callado, C.S.-C.; Priego, Capote, F. et al. (2020). "Untargeted characterization of extracts from Cannabis sativa L. cultivars by gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in high resolution mode". Talanta 208: 120384. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120384. 
  9. Nuutinen, T. (2018). "Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 157: 198–228. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. 
  10. Gambaro, V.E.; Froldi, R.; Saligari, E. et al. (1995). "A simple method for analyzing cannabis by gas chromatography". Acta Toxicologica Argentina 3: 11–13. 
  11. Gibson, C.R.; Williams, R.D.; Browder, R.O. (1998). "Analysis of Hempen Ale for cannabinoids". Journal of Analytical Toxicology 22 (2): 179. doi:10.1093/jat/22.2.179. PMID 9547418. 
  12. Ross, S.A.; Mehmedic, Z.; Murphy, T.P. et al. (2008). "GC-MS analysis of the total delta9-THC content of both drug- and fiber-type cannabis seeds". Journal of Analytical Toxicology 24 (8): 715–7. doi:10.1093/jat/24.8.715. PMID 11110027. 
  13. Raharjo, T.J.; Verpoorte, R. (2004). "Methods for the analysis of cannabinoids in biological materials: A review". Phytochemical Analysis 15 (2): 79–94. doi:10.1002/pca.753. PMID 15116938. 
  14. Pellegrini, M.; Marchei, E.; Pacifici, R. et al. (2005). "A rapid and simple procedure for the determination of cannabinoids in hemp food products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 36 (5): 939–46. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2004.07.035. 
  15. 15.0 15.1 Gambaro, V.; Dell'Acqua, L.; Farè, F. et al. (2002). "Determination of primary active constituents in Cannabis preparations by high-resolution gas chromatography/flame ionization detection and high-performance liquid chromatography/UV detection". Analtica Chimica Acta 468 (2): 245-254. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(02)00660-8. 
  16. Cardenia, V.; Toschi, T.G.; Scappini, S. et al. (2018). "Development and validation of a Fast gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the determination of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L". Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 26 (4): 1283–92. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2018.06.001. 
  17. United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (2009) (PDF). Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of cannabis and cannabis products. United Nations. ISBN 9789211482423. https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/ST-NAR-40-Ebook_1.pdf. Retrieved 03 April 2020. 

Notes

This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation. Some grammar and punctuation was cleaned up to improve readability. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.